Grzegorz Baziur, "Armia Czerwona na Pomorzu Gdaskim 19451947", Janusz Wrbel, "Wyzwoliciele czy Okupanci. [notes 1][108][109], The first mayor of the Charlottenburg district of Berlin, Walter Kilian, appointed by the Soviets after the war ended, reported extensive looting by Red Army soldiers in the area: "Individuals, department stores, shops, apartments all were robbed blind. People . Prussia was forced to accept a French army of occupation and had to become an ally of France, contributing troops to his ongoing wars. [131][132][133] Such event has been referred to as the "Romanian Katyn". [121] However, Naimark contends that the rapes continued until the winter of 194748, when Soviet occupation authorities finally confined troops to strictly guarded posts and camps. We must remember that, for the most part, WWI was a dynastic struggle, not a "war of annihilation" that WWII in the east became. The list of atrocities and apparent war crimes allegedly committed by Russian troops in Ukraine gets longer by the day. French Invasion of Russia (1812-1813)-Prussia was a forced ally of France. Torture was used on a wide scale in various prisons, especially in those prisons that were located in small towns. [7], The Soviet Union did not recognize Imperial Russia's signing of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 as binding, and as a result, it refused to recognize them until 1955. The Soviets later forcefully occupied the Baltic States and parts of Romania, including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. On 17 June 1940, Latvia was occupied by Soviet forces. [111], A study published by the German government in 1974 estimated the number of German civilian victims of crimes during expulsion of Germans after World War II between 1945 and 1948 to be over 600,000, with about 400,000 deaths in the areas east of Oder and Neisse (ca. Mariusz Lesaw Krogulski, "Okupacja w imi sojuszu" Poland 2001. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarshall2010 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFVouitra2011 (, Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 19451978. Discussions on the Holocaust and 20th Century War Crimes. On Page 234 of his . In fact there are other testimonies that suggest that among certain groups (Cossacks in particular), looting and abusing civilians was part of the benefits package of being a soldier, and I think this expectation has a very long lineage in the history of warfare. This was one of the reasons that atrocity became such a big storyline in the war itself. first Soviet settlers arrived from Russia, Belarus and the Ukraine. In the Russian Empire the Jewish and German minorities in particular were suspected of 'unreliability'. East Prussia is a country, duchy and province. Some 300,000 Lithuanians were deported or sentenced to terms in prison camps on political grounds. Soon everything had calmed down and we unsaddled the horses and began to feast again. [165], Soviet soldiers rarely bothered to treat wounded German POWs. by michael mills 15 Nov 2004, 14:51, Post [47], Lithuania, and the other Baltic States, fell victim to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact. The commission also found that the Polish military and civil authorities did their best to prevent such incidents and their recurrence in the future. One doesnt want to carry lots of paper for obvious reasons when on the march, and acquiring it may have had its challenges as well. It had been one of the strongest pro-German holdouts in the war that formed an independent Latvia after WWI. The declared function of the NKVD was to protect the state security of the Soviet Union, which was accomplished by the large scale political persecution of "class enemies". [72] The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World War I, lasting from August to September 1914.As well as being the natural course for the Russian Empire to take upon the declaration of war on the German Empire, it was also an attempt to focus the German Army on the Eastern Front, as opposed to the Western Front.Despite having an overwhelming superiority over the Germans in numbers . Although the passage from Keegan quoted by WalterS certainly referred to 1914, there is nothing in the subsequent comments by WalterS himself that limit them to 1914. In a resolution of 22 January 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR declared that the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 19 January, used to impose emergency rule in Baku and military deployment, constituted an act of aggression. [146], Following the invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (Manchuria), the Soviets laid claim to valuable Japanese materials and industrial equipment in the region. This article examines whether East Prussia did, in fact, suffer "unheard-of brutality" at Russian hands during the invasions of 1914-15. [76] This behavior reached such a scale that even Polish Communists installed by the Soviet Union composed a letter of protest to Joseph Stalin himself, while church Masses were held in expectation of a Soviet withdrawal.[76]. Djilas, of whom I could least have expected such a thing, a man whom I received so well! At four in the morning, Riazanov and Iurchuk arrived. Djilas writes that in response, Yugoslav partisan leader Joseph Broz Tito summoned the chief of the Soviet military mission, General Korneev, and formally protested. 40-41, 46-47, 51-53), Peter Antill/Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich, 2005 Osprey Publishing, p. 85, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMawdsley1998 (. Most students of atrocity on the Eastern Front have focused on Galicia or Anatolia, with good reason. [183] The rape of Afghan women by Soviet troops was common and 11.8 percent of the Soviet war criminals in Afghanistan were convicted for the offence of rape. Only two were presentYuriy Mel, a former Soviet tank officer, and Gennady Ivanov, a former Soviet munitions officerwhile the other were sentenced in absentia and are hiding in Russia. The Goldap-Gumbinnen offensive was launched by the Russian 3rd Belorussian Front in October 1944. On the tables appeared geese, ducks, eggs, beef, and apple wine. by xcalibur 15 Nov 2004, 00:59, Post Natalya Gesse, a close friend of the scientist Andrei Sakharov, had observed the Red Army in action in 1945 as a Soviet war . The Red Army was also involved in mass-scale looting in liberated territories. Snyder, Timothy. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a more systematic, locally controlled discussion of these events has taken place.[23]. [91] Afterward, the Soviet Greeks started returning to their homes, or emigrating towards Greece. The Red Army often gave support to the NKVD in the implementation of political repressions. Between 1941 and 1944, Soviet partisan units conducted raids deep inside Finnish territory, attacking villages and other civilian targets. [125][126][127] According to Norman Naimark, Hungarian girls were kidnapped and taken to Red Army quarters, where they were imprisoned, repeatedly raped and sometimes murdered. bed bath and beyond pillar candles; bowling game rules and scoring; cira green parking cost Equally importantly, abusing civilians complicated military occupation, not only in East Prussia, but especially in Poland and Galicia, where the Russians were trying to win "hearts and minds." It feels as if there is almost a tiredness about it. Soviet political repressions in Estonia were met by an armed resistance by the Forest Brothers, composed of former conscripts into the German military, Omakaitse militia and volunteers in the Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 who fought a guerrilla war, which was not completely suppressed until the late 1950s. The habitat of the long-dead Prussian tribe comprises today's province called East Prussia, which forms the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In addition, I wonder about the genre of the field diary for Russian soldiers. Most of the Ingrian Finns together with Votes and Izhorians living in German-occupied territory were evacuated to Finland in 19431944. [82], Large numbers of kulaks regardless of their nationality were resettled to Siberia and Central Asia. [141][142] This caused concern to the Yugoslav communist partisans, who feared that stories of crimes committed by their Soviet allies would weaken their standing among the population. Required fields are marked *. [18] Overrun by General Gatlitsky's 11th Guards Army, his soldiers, crazy with bloodlust, set about raping, looting and killing with such ferocity that eventually . [4] Russian media refers to the crimes against humanity and war crimes as a "Western myth",[5] in Russian history textbooks, the atrocities are either altered to portray the Soviets positively or omitted entirely. The norms of warfare in the pre-war period served to judge the escalating violence of the war but also to blame the enemy for the worst transgressions, which occurred in various contexts, war on land, invasions and occupations, the home front, war at sea and war in the air. I wonder how much of a role terrible boredom ( ), such as Iakovlev complained of, played in that cruelty. When Russian troops invaded Ukraine and began closing in on its capital, Kyiv, Andrii Dereko begged his 22-year-old stepdaughter Karina Yershova to leave the suburb where she lived. A German military judge who was at the scene stated in an interview during the 1970s that he saw a female body with her legs spread-eagled and a broomstick rammed into her genitals. January 1945. Don't do it again. [57] According to historian, Prof. Jan T. Gross: We cannot escape the conclusion: Soviet state security organs tortured their prisoners not only to extract confessions but also to put them to death. 75 . Stremousov expects the puppet Kherson authorities to appeal to Russian president Vladimir Putin to include the region in the Russian Federation directly instead of establishing a pseudo republic. Indiscriminate killings of civilians attempting to flee the violence. . The Rape of Berlin: Red Army atrocities in 1945 "Red Army soldiers don't believe in 'individual liaisons' with German women," wrote the playwright Zakhar Agranenko in his diary whilst serving as an officer of marine infantry in East Prussia."Nine, ten, twelve men at a time - they rape them on a collective basis." Instead, wartime violence was understood by some constituencies in a different way. That situation has begun to change with the publication of a good deal of high quality scholarship on the events on the Western Front, most notably John Horne and Alan Kramers German Atrocities, 1914, but scholarship on the events in East Prussia is far thinner. One example was the Fntna Alb massacre, in which 443,000 Romanians were killed by the Soviet Border Troops and the NKVD while attempting to escape to Romania. Things are progressing towards a purging of our territory [. The latter targeted a number of ethnic groups that the Soviet authorities presumed to be hostile to its policies and likely to collaborate with the enemy, including Chechens, Crimean Tatars, and Koreans. [94] Soviet authorities did not allow the 55,733 people who had been handed over to settle back in Ingria, and instead deported them to central regions of Russia. 65 lat od obawy augustowskiej. Everyone was all mixed up together, someone groaned, someone threw up. [] occupation of East Prussia http://russianhistoryblog.org/2011/02/atrocities-in-east-prussia-1914/ http://www.exulanten.com/murder.html http://www.ggsmn.org/Regional%20Pages/East%20Prussia.htm []. [29] After it became clear that the German invasion of Estonia would be successful, political prisoners who could not be evacuated were executed by the NKVD, so that they would not be able to make contact with the Nazi government. Stalin climaxed with the words, "And such an Army was insulted by no one else but Djilas! It was from East Prussia that the Teutonic Knights launched forays into Poland and the Baltic regions in the 13th and 14th centuries. In Estonia, they killed thousands of people including a large proportion of women and children, while burning down dozens of villages, schools and public buildings. [145] The local Chinese population sometimes even joined in these attacks against the Japanese population with the Soviet soldiers. "[110][pagesneeded], In the Soviet occupation zone, members of the SED reported to Stalin that looting and rape by Soviet soldiers could result in a negative reaction by the German population towards the Soviet Union and the future of socialism in East Germany. [citation needed], Fleeing before the advancing Red Army, large numbers of the inhabitants of the German provinces of East Prussia, Silesia, and Pomerania died during the evacuations, some from cold and starvation, some during combat operations. (1997). 8 August. They used booby traps, mines, and chemical substances throughout the country. Data from the Soviet archives indicates 2.4 million Kulaks were deported from 1930 to 1934. [105][pagesneeded][106][bettersourceneeded][107], In addition, fighter bombers of the Soviet air force flew bombing and strafing missions that targeted columns of refugees. [122] Naimark concluded that "The social psychology of women and men in the Soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation, through the founding of the GDR in the fall of 1949, until, one could argue, the present. The original question on this thread was a quest for knowledge about the behavior of Russian troops in East Prussia in 1914, and whether or not they had committed atrocities against the civilian population. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering 17,098,246 square kilometres (6,601,670 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's . According to Cuban-American writer Alfred de Zayas, "For the entire duration of the Russian campaign, reports of torture and murder of German prisoners did not cease. It was a deceptively beautiful summer. Such an inquiry is totally in keeping with the purpose of this forum and blanket statements such as. It is precisely the normality of his tone that is most shocking. Now outcasts in their own homeland, many succumbed to starvation and disease as virtual slave laborers for their new masters, and the survivors were expelled in the late 1940s. Goldsmiths, University of London. 3,979 Atrocities Of Soviet Premium High Res Photos Browse 3,979 atrocities of soviet stock photos and images available or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Similar was the fate of Swedish diplomat and OSS operative Raoul Wallenberg. Beevor has written that Red Army soldiers also raped Soviet and Polish women liberated from concentration camps, and he contends that this undermines the revenge explanation,[119] they were often committed by rear echelon units. Message 3 - Russsian Atrocities in Berlin Posted on: 05 March 2005 by Trooper Tom Canning - WW2 Site Helper. "[123], According to Richard Overy, the Russians refused to acknowledge Soviet war crimes, partly "because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors' history. You couldnt find any soldiers smoking makhorka (a cheap tobacco js). The Massacre of Grischino was committed by an armoured division of the Red Army in February 1943 in the eastern Ukrainian towns of Krasnoarmeyskoye, Postyschevo and Grischino. [45][46], On 23 August 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression agreement. As they were accused across the board of collaborating with the enemy, the Russian army began to remove them from the sensitive areas at the front and in the rear zones in the early months of the war already. At the time and long afterwards, German sources insisted that East Prussia had been despoiled and its inhabitants violated by the invading Russian troops in the time period between the Russian invasion and the German victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes that drove the Russians back on their side of the border. Nevertheless, the events in East Prussia ought to be of interest more broadly to students of twentieth century Russia and to students of the Great War. Russian President Vladimir Putin's forces in Ukraine have destroyed apartment buildings, schools, hospitals, shopping centers and ambulances, leaving thousands of civilians killed or wounded. I krajowe Warszawa 1990, Wyd. Occasionally, the battalions burned people alive. Panic spread throughout the Reich as Germans contemplated the province's likely fate. I have read academic blogs from time to time and I usually enjoy them. [139], Thousands of Transylvanian Saxons would later be deported from 1944 to 1949 under Soviet occupation, with hundreds or even thousands dying on their way to camps in Siberia and Central Asia before being able to come back to their home country.[140]. After the War, a more elaborate appearance of justice was given under the jurisdiction of the Polish People's Republic orchestrated by the Soviets in the form of mock trials. [] history buffs might start with diary entries from the first days of the war in East Prussia in 1914, found and translated by Josh []. It was one of the occasions during the glasnost and perestroika era in which the USSR used force against dissidents. Res Publica i Wyd. . [43] The destruction battalions murdered 1,850 people in Estonia. .] by WalterS 14 Nov 2004, 08:29, Post 27.05.2011, 12.49 Uhr. 3 August. The Russian snapper spent over 1,400 days during World War II on the . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. My first post is a short translation Id like to share and briefly comment upon. as tsarist troops poured across east prussia's eastern and southern borders, penetrating deep into its interior, frightening reports of civilians tortured and murdered, officials arrested, and. [84][85] Simon Sebag Montefiore estimated that 15 million kulaks and their families were deported by 1937, during the deportation many people died, but the full number is not known. But as we halted on the edge of town, just to the right of us a group of our infantry was already leaving the towns cheese factory. 1915 Persecution Of Six Million Jews Charged Against Russia CIVILIANS FOUND DEAD Telephones and Observations from Tower Said to Have Caused Death of . And in order to make up for lost time, they drove their horses at a full gallop in order to catch up to the regiment. [73] It is estimated that over 20,000 people died in Soviet prisons[citation needed]. As so often in war, it was to be defenceless women, girls and even elderly. Propaganda proclaimed that the Red Army had entered Germany as an avenger to punish all Germans. Not that the NKVD had sadists in its ranks who had run amok; rather, this was a wide and systematic procedure. [154], Russian historian Konstantin Asmolov argues that such Western accounts of Soviet violence against civilians in the Far East are exaggerations of isolated incidents and the documents of the time don't support the claims of mass crimes. But we had hardly begun feasting when the alarm was raised. ( 1)", "Stadt ohne Mnner - Berlin - Tagesspiegel", 'They raped every German female from eight to 80', "Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps", "Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 19441945", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb, ngropat de KGB: peste 2000 de romni ucii de trupele sovietice", "Masacrul de la Fntna Alb. Konev's response was to claim it was done mainly by Red Army deserters. [50], During the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990 and 1991, the Soviet army killed 13 people in Vilnius during the January Events.[51]. Rush the forty-fives to fight. [8] This created a situation in which war crimes by the Soviet armed forces could eventually be rationalized. [9], The early Soviet leaders publicly denounced anti-Semitism,[10] William Korey wrote: "Anti-Jewish discrimination had become an integral part of Soviet state policy ever since the late thirties." This is an apolitical forum for discussions on the Axis nations and related topics hosted by the Axis History Factbook in cooperation with Christian Ankerstjernes Panzerworld and Christoph Awender's WW2 day by day. . Many of the people were killed after torture. After the reconquest by the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking with the support of 333 Infantry Division and the 7th Panzer Division on 18 February 1943 the Wehrmacht soldiers discovered numerous deaths. by sylvieK4 11 Nov 2004, 03:29, Post Reports of Soviet atrocities in the Nemmersdorf massacre of October 1944 and organized rape spread fear and desperation among the civilians. And an Army which did not spare its blood for you! Russia began perpetrating war crimes in Ukraine in 2014, as part of its forced annexation of Crimea and upon launching the war in Donbas. [75][117] According to historian Antony Beevor, following the Red Army's capture of Berlin in 1945, Soviet troops raped German women and girls as young as eight years old. [148] Many Japanese women married themselves to local Manchurian men to protect themselves from persecution by Soviet soldiers. A report by the Swiss legation in Budapest describes the Red Army's entry into the city: During the siege of Budapest and also during the following weeks, Russian troops looted the city freely. is there a full translation of the diary please. Nazi behaviour in Russia during the war is also analysed along with the actions of . Then, in 1942, 1944 and 1949, the NKVD indiscriminately arrested all Greek men 16 years old or older. by Ogorek 08 Nov 2004, 19:48, Post According to American professor Carroll Quigley, at least one third of the 320,000 Polish prisoners of war captured by the Red Army in 1939 were murdered. http://russianhistoryblog.org/2011/02/atrocities-in-east-prussia-1914/, http://www.ggsmn.org/Regional%20Pages/East%20Prussia.htm. After the German attack on the Soviet Union, the incipient Soviet political apparatus was either destroyed or retreated eastward. [83] The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who had died in labour colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521. The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World War I, lasting from August to September 1914. The NKVD also conducted the Katyn massacre, summarily executing over 20,000 Polish military officer prisoners in April and May 1940. He recalled a story about invading Cossacks in the next town cutting off the right index finger of every young boy they captured, supposedly in the belief that this would prevent them from learning to shoot and becoming soldiers when grown. In the first frigid months of 1945, nearly 750,000 Germans fled East Prussia ahead of the advancing Red Army. How three million Germans died after VE Dayhttp://www.odfinfo.de/en/History/After-the-Reich.htm'They raped every German female from eight to 80'http://www.od. Brandenburgische Landeszentrale fr politische Bildung/Ministerium fr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Brandenburg. This agreement was signed between the USSR and Germany in August 1939; leading first to Lithuania being invaded by the Red Army on 15 June 1940, and then to its annexation and incorporation into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940. GANG RAPE IN NEMMERSDORF. The Order first used its Nazi SS to brutalize the Russian Orthodox "heretics" during Operation Barbarossa. Other evidence cemented the War Crimes Bureau's belief that Stalin had given secret orders about the massacre of POWs. [156], The Soviet Army committed crimes against the Japanese civilian populations and surrendered military personnel in the closing stages of World War II during the assaults on Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. Human Rights in Afghanistan Since the Invasion 19791984", "4 Soviet Deserters Tell Of Cruel Afghanistan War", "Full text of European Court of Human Rights Decision on the case Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia: Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to Crimes against Humanity", "Augstks tiesas prstvji Strasbr gst ieskatu cilvktiesbu aizsardzb", "Amid V-Day Festivities, Soviet Partisan Braces For War Crimes Verdict", "Lithuania convicts Russians of war crimes under Soviet rule", "Polish artist in hot water over Soviet rapist sculpture", "Poland will not charge artist over Soviet rapist sculpture news.net", "Skulptur einer Vergewaltigung in Polen schockiert russischen Botschafter", The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 19391945, Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907, Swiss legation report of the Russian invasion of Hungary in the spring of 1945, "They raped every German female from eight to 80", Description of the atrocities of the Red Army in East Prussia, Book Review: The Siege of Budapest: 100 Days in World War II, Mark Ealey: As World War II entered its final stages the belligerent powers committed one heinous act after another, 27 Jan 2002 on-line article regarding author Antony Beevor's references to Soviet rapes in Germany, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, PolishSoviet War, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, Backwardness brings on beatings by others, 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_war_crimes&oldid=1133030205, Aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro), Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2022, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, On 12 October 2013 a then 26-year-old Polish art student, Jerzy Bohdan Szumczyk, erected a movable statue next to the Soviet World War II memorial in the Polish city of. Transfer of Property in Enemy Occupied Territory. by sylvieK4 09 Nov 2004, 15:59, Post In tears, Stalin denounced "the Yugoslav Army and how it was administered." These were organized after victims had been arrested under false charges by the NKVD or other Soviet controlled security organisations such as the Ministry of Public Security. " "? 2000. . The division set out and at six oclock in the evening crossed the border near the Filippovskii customs post in the direction of the town of Marusken, which is a verst from the Russian border. Historical Background. The European Parliament described the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, where around a quarter people perished, an act of genocide in 2004:[98], Believes that the deportation of the entire Chechen people to Central Asia on 23 February 1944 on the orders of Stalin constitutes an act of genocide within the meaning of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and the Convention for the Prevention and Repression of the Crime of Genocide adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948. [75] In Krakw, the Soviet entry into the city was accompanied by mass rapes of Polish women and girls, as well as the plunder of private property by Red Army soldiers. The Germans were able to prevail and retook much of the ground captured by the Russians. Some of the atrocities may constitute war crimes, said investigators from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, who examined myriad reports of rapes, abductions and attacks. by David Thompson 15 Nov 2004, 07:01, Post Following World War II and the subsequent suppression of the Lithuanian Forest Brothers, the Soviet authorities executed thousands of resistance fighters and civilians whom they accused of aiding them. To the contrary, I think many shifts occur very quickly and at the very outset of the war. We broke open their cellars, took out harmonicas, brought some wine, and began a real party. [99], According to historian Norman Naimark, statements in Soviet military newspapers and the orders of the Soviet high command were jointly responsible for the excesses of the Red Army. [93], By 1939 the Ingrian Finnish population had decreased to about 50,000, which was about 43% of 1928 population figures,[94] and the Ingrian Finn national district was abolished.,[95] Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Leningrad Blockade, in early 1942 all 20,000 Ingrian Finns remaining in Soviet-controlled territory were deported to Siberia. [48], The estimated death toll in Soviet prisons and camps between 1944 and 1953 was at least 14,000.

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