Lafont, C. (2006). New York: Oxford University Press. both quantitative and qualitative research. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. This leaves lasting impacts, not only emotionally, but mentally and psychologically as well. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. New York: Free Press. The Pros And Cons Of Labor. Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. 8. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. Democracy and the new separation of powers. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. Sex and social justice. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. A contingent yes. . The concept of representation. Cornell, D. (1998). Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? The politics of presence. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. Oxford: Oxford University Press. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. 1. Cambridge: Polity Press. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. Pros of Representative Democracy. Comparative state feminism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Return to Figure. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Advantage. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Quantitativist. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Purpose. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. 3. Cornell, D. (1995). Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. (Eds. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. Berkeley: University of California Press. 9. What is a Descriptive Representative? The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. (2005a). Emerald: Bingley. New York: Colombia University Press. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. Enter your library card number to sign in. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. 3. Hernes, H. (1987). 1. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Delegation of tasks to others offers the following benefits: 1. Your email address will not be published. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. Lovenduski, J. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. Oxford: Oxford University Press. I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. 6. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. This essay will proceed as follows. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. Peter, F. (2011). These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. Pennock, J. R. (1979). As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. A political-philosophical exchange. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Pros. (Eds.). Signs, 19(3), 713738. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a Applicable. 2. Nussbaum, M. (1999). London: Routledge. Towards a European union gender equality index. Register or login to make commenting easier. Caption. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. A theory of justice. The current reservation system keeps 13% of vacancies in government sector reserved for SC, 7.5 % for ST and 27.5% for OBC. Would perfect mobility be perfect? Required fields are marked *. Fraser, N. (2003). In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). Cambridge: Polity Press. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. You might also like. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. (2014). Mansbridge, J. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Representatives. Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. Rawls, J. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. The debate about whether grades help or hinder student learning is as old as the U.S. grading system itself, dating back to the late 1800s. Previous Figure Next Figure. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. (1999). Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. In K. Ross (Ed. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . 7. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. However, what good representation should be is debated. If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. Tables can be useful if trying to. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? Evidence from Romania. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. Inclusion and democracy. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. (1982). Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. The future of feminism. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. View all access and purchase options for this article. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. 2. Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. (1999). Feminism, epistemology and morality. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. (1996). London: Routledge. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). Clem Morfuni Companies House, 914, Excellenica, Lodha Supremus-2, If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. . Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. blurted this. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Nothing bores me faster than description.. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. It is an Efficient Form of Government. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Estlund, D. (2008). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Toggle navigation. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. Affordable. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. (1998). New York: Verso. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work?

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