LIERMAN BECOMES MARYLANDs FIRST WOMAN COMPTROLLER: Comptroller Brooke E. Lierman (D) on Monday became the first woman in Maryland history to hold that job, taking the oath of office at a ceremony in Annapolis. LIERMAN BECOMES MARYLANDs FIRST WOMAN COMPTROLLER: Comptroller Brooke E. Lierman (D) on Monday became the first woman in Maryland history to hold that job, taking the oath of office at a ceremony in Annapolis. St. Mary's became the first capital of Maryland, and remained so for 60 years until 1695. Western Maryland Capital Region Central Maryland Eastern Shore Southern Maryland Frederick National Harbor Deep Creek Hagerstown Baltimore Annapolis Ocean City Bethesda Cambridge St. Marys City St. Michaels Chesapeake City Columbia Cumberland Washington, DC. The port also receives several brands of imported motor vehicles and is the number one auto port in the U.S.[156]. [80], Because of its location near the Atlantic Coast, Maryland is somewhat vulnerable to tropical cyclones, although the Delmarva Peninsula and the outer banks of North Carolina provide a large buffer, such that strikes from major hurricanes (category3 or above) occur infrequently. Salvadorans are the largest Hispanic group in Maryland. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) was the first chartered railroad in the United States. Maryland is the only state with a motto in Italian. The information below reflects cases tested from January 26, 2021 - December 30, 2022. Democrats replaced the Constitution of 1864 with the Constitution of 1867. In addition, Hoyer served as House Minority Whip from 2003 to 2006 and 2012 to 2018. For those who want to save time and paper, an electronic reporting option is available through Maryland OneStop. During the colonial era, families of free people of color were formed most often by unions of white women and African men.[36]. [36] As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in England, planters in Maryland imported thousands more slaves and racial caste lines hardened. "[18], The original capital of Maryland was St. Mary's City, on the north shore of the Potomac River, and the county surrounding it, the first erected/created in the province,[26] was first called Augusta Carolina, after the King, and later named St. Mary's County. As you navigate through the component with assistive technologies, ARIA roles and instructions are read aloud. Seven professional and graduate schools train the majority of the state's physicians, nurses, dentists, lawyers, social workers, and pharmacists. Cumberland was Maryland's second-largest city in the 19th century. The next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland [24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8km2)]. Although one of the smallest states in the U.S., it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature. In 1992, Bill Clinton fared better in Maryland than any other state, except his home state of Arkansas. Maryland experienced population growth following World War II. Many of their ethnic Italian, Polish, Czech, Lithuanian, and Greek descendants still live in the area. [75], Maryland joined with neighboring states during the end of the 20th century to improve the health of the Chesapeake Bay. CSX Transportation has more extensive trackage throughout the state, with 560 miles (900km),[172] followed by Norfolk Southern Railway. New users only. The State of Maryland pledges to provide constituents, businesses, customers, and stakeholders with friendly and courteous, timely and responsive, accurate and consistent, accessible and convenient, and truthful and transparent services. We work together to support and improve the health and safety of all Marylanders through disease pre vention, access to care, quality management, and community engagement. Thank You, Maryland. [43] Of the 115,000 Marylanders who joined the military during the Civil War, around 85,000, or 77%, joined the Union army, while the remainder joined the Confederate Army. The bay's aquatic life and seafood industry have been threatened by development and by fertilizer and livestock waste entering the bay. This is consistent with a January 2011 Gonzales Research & Marketing Strategies poll showing 51% support for marriage in the state. The majority of public universities in the state (Bowie State University, Coppin State University, Frostburg State University, Salisbury University and the University of Maryland-Eastern Shore) are affiliated with the University System of Maryland. Buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. One of these places is Fort McHenry, which defended against the British Empire during the War of 1812. [29] 21+. In a 2020 study, Maryland was ranked by the Election Law Journal as the 5th easiest state for citizens to vote in. Other Hispanic groups with significant populations in the state include Mexicans and Puerto Ricans and Hondurans. Maryland was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. "Protestants swept the Catholics out of the legislature and religious strife returned. In Southern Maryland, history and culture mingle on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. Electronic Reporting Available ANNAPOLIS, MD (January 17, 2023) The Maryland Department of Agriculture (MDA) reminds farmers that the deadline to submit Annual Implementation Reports (AIRs) outlining nutrient applications made in calendar year 2022 is March 1, 2023. My Maryland fully implements the WAI-ARIA specification for allowing full access to controls and features. Maryland's border with Delaware was based on a Transpeninsular Line and the Twelve-Mile Circle around New Castle. 23.4 percent of students earned passing grades on the AP tests given in May 2008. [20] Nevertheless, religious strife was common in the early years, and Catholics remained a minority, albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony. Western Maryland Capital Region Central Maryland Eastern Shore Southern Maryland Frederick National Harbor Deep Creek Hagerstown Baltimore Annapolis Ocean City Bethesda Cambridge St. Marys City St. Michaels Chesapeake City Columbia Cumberland Washington, DC. Marylands Calvert Cliffs State Park is known as a hotspot for fossil finding, Alicia Sampson added. [74], The state insect is the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, although it is not as common in Maryland as it is in the southern edge of its range. Headquartered in Baltimore, MTA's transit services are largely focused on central Maryland, as well as some portions of the Eastern Shore and Southern MD. Although then a slave state, Maryland remained in the Union during the American Civil War, its strategic location giving it a significant role in the conflict. These give way to Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests near the West Virginia border.[62]. In 2018, Hogan was re-elected to a second term of office. [167] The independent Maryland Transportation Authority maintains and operates the state's eight toll facilities. [32] Both used religion as a tool to gain popular support. [175] The city of Baltimore and Maryland's 23 counties levy local "piggyback" income taxes at rates between 1.25 and 3.2 percent of Maryland taxable income. In December 1790, Maryland donated land selected by first President George Washington to the federal government for the creation of the new national capital of Washington, D.C. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 129,730 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,017 people. ANNAPOLIS, Md. Same-sex couples began marrying in Maryland on January 1, 2013. The Eastern Shore was settled by Protestants, chiefly Methodist and the southern counties were initially settled by English Catholics. After Georgia congressman William D. Upshaw criticized Maryland openly in 1923 for not passing Prohibition laws, Baltimore Sun editor Hamilton Owens coined the "Free State" nickname for Maryland in that context, which was popularized by H. L. Mencken in a series of newspaper editorials. We may be able to help you. Baltimore was the seat of the first Catholic bishop in the U.S. (1789), and Emmitsburg was the home and burial place of the first American-born citizen to be canonized, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. One of the original 13 states, it lies at the centre of the Eastern Seaboard, amid the great commercial and population complex that stretches from Maine to Virginia. But the grant indicated that Charles II and William Penn assumed the 40th parallel would pass close to New Castle, Delaware when it falls north of Philadelphia, the site of which Penn had already selected for his colony's capital city. About 4,489,078 Maryland residents have been fully vaccinated as of December 16, 2022. key political and military roles in the war, United States Declaration of Independence, Constitutional Convention (United States), List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union, Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of census-designated places in Maryland, Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, List of federal installations in Maryland, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, List of National Historic Landmarks in Maryland, Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, List of colleges and universities in Maryland, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Prince George's County Memorial Library System, "Maryland's quality of life ranks high compared to other states", "Maryland state song, which refers to Lincoln as "tyrant" and urges secession, is repealed", "Elevations and Distances in the United States", "Mid-Atlantic Home: MidAtlantic Information Office: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics", "Avalon ProjectMaryland Toleration Act; September 21, 1649", "State Median Household Income Patterns: 19902010", "Religious Freedom Byway Would Recognize Maryland's Historic Role", "Lord Baltimore's Map of Maryland in 1732", "Indentured Servants and the Pursuits of Happiness", "Civil War Guard on duty in Baltimore to save President Street Station", "Democratization and the Disfranchisement of African Americans in the US South during the Late 19th Century", "Bird's Eye View of Cumberland, Maryland 1906", "Eagle Archive: Here's a toast to Maryland's origins as 'The Free State', "History and Constitutionality of the Maryland Income Tax Law", "William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bay BridgeHistory", "Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Maryland Site Profile", "M3.4Maryland PotomacShenandoah Region", "Maryland General Assembly approves fracking ban", "Maryland at a Glance: State Symbols, Maryland State FlowerBlack-Eyed Susan", "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth", 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2, "Zone Hardiness Map through Prairie Frontier", "Invasive Species of concern in Maryland", "Lions in our mountains? free bet of $100. Ft. Meade serves as the headquarters of the Defense Information Systems Agency, United States Cyber Command, and the National Security Agency/Central Security Service. The information below reflects cases tested from January 26, 2021 - December 30, 2022. [136], In 2019, non-Hispanic white Americans were 49.8% of Maryland's population (White Americans, including White Hispanics, were 57.3%), which made Maryland a majority minority state. Maryland is the only state with a motto in Italian. [163], Tourism is popular in Maryland. Maryland, one of the 50 US states, is located in the Mid-Atlantic region in the northeast of the United States. There is also a large automated chicken-farming sector in the state's southeastern part; Salisbury is home to Perdue Farms. [citation needed] Primary and secondary education in Maryland is overseen by the Maryland State Department of Education, which is headquartered in Baltimore. Maryland has a broad range of private primary and secondary schools. Nearby supplies of natural resources along with railroads fostered its growth into a major manufacturing center. In 1996, Maryland was Clinton's sixth best; in 2000, Maryland ranked fourth for Gore; and in 2004, John Kerry showed his fifth-best performance in Maryland. [195] Three Maryland high schools (in Montgomery County) were ranked among the top 100 in the country by US News in 2009, based in large part on AP test scores.[196]. One of these places is Fort McHenry, which defended against the British Empire during the War of 1812. The honor of serving as your governor is second only to the honor of being your fellow Marylander. The Piedmont region, which includes northern and western greater Baltimore, Westminster, Gaithersburg, Frederick, and Hagerstown, has average seasonal snowfall totals generally exceeding 20 inches (51cm), and, as part of USDA Hardiness zones 7b and 7a,[65] temperatures below 10F (12C) are less rare. I-97, fully contained within Anne Arundel County and the shortest (17.6 miles (28.3km)) one- or two-digit interstate highway in the contiguous US, connects the Baltimore area to the Annapolis area. The MTA's Commuter Bus system provides express coach service on longer routes connecting Washington, D.C. and Baltimore to parts of Central and Southern MD as well as the Eastern Shore. Maryland enjoys considerable historical repute for the talented sports players of its past, including Cal Ripken Jr. and Babe Ruth. A new state constitution in 1864 abolished slavery and Maryland was first recognized as a "Free State" in that context. We work together to support and improve the health and safety of all Marylanders through disease pre vention, access to care, quality management, and community engagement. Its economy was heavily plantation-based and centered mostly on the cultivation of tobacco. [120] Maryland also hosts populations from other African and Caribbean nations. The Eastern Shore is served primarily by broadcast media based around the Delmarva Peninsula; the northeastern section receives both Baltimore and Philadelphia stations. Baltimore's Light RailLink and Metro SubwayLink systems serve its densely populated inner-city and the surrounding suburbs. For those who want to save time and paper, an electronic reporting option is available through Maryland OneStop. The National Hockey League's Washington Capitals and the National Basketball Association's Washington Wizards formerly played in Maryland, until the construction of an arena in Washington, D.C. in 1997 (now known as Capital One Arena). Literacy was high among blacks and, as Democrats crafted means to exclude them, suffrage campaigns helped reach blacks and teach them how to resist. This region has a humid subtropical climate (Kppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers and a cool to cold winter; it falls under USDA Hardiness zone 8a.[65]. The National Road (U.S. Hwy 40 today) was authorized in 1817 and ran from Baltimore to St. Louisthe first federal highway. Heavy manufacturing declined in Baltimore. In April 1861, Federal units and state regiments were attacked as they marched through Baltimore, sparking the Baltimore riot of 1861, the first bloodshed in the Civil War. [citation needed] The largest and most significant battle in the state was the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg. The WMATA's Metrorail rapid transit and Metrobus local bus systems (the 2nd and 6th busiest in the nation of their respective modes) provide service in Montgomery and Prince George's counties and connect them to Washington, D.C., with the express Metrobus Route B30 serving BWI Airport. The Progressive Era also brought reforms in working conditions for Maryland's labor force. ANNAPOLIS, Md. [35] In the early years, the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid, and white and black laborers commonly lived and worked together, and formed unions. Compared to some other states, blacks were better established both before and after the civil war. The information that must match is your name, your date of birth, and your driver's license or State ID number. During the War of 1812, the British military attempted to capture Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry. In 1650, the Puritans revolted against the proprietary government. The Bay also has overwintering waterfowl in its wildlife refuges. Calvert Marine Museum reveals a 35-foot-long Megalodon Shark skeleton. Click on a city or region to explore more. Concentrations of African Americans live in Baltimore City, Prince George's County, a suburb of Washington, D.C., where many work; Charles County, western parts of Baltimore County, and the southern Eastern Shore. [c] Following Protestantism, Catholicism is the second largest religious affiliation, comprising 15% percent of the population. Unlike many other states, significant autonomy is granted to many of Maryland's counties. The Democratic Party remained in control of eight county governments, including that of Baltimore.[185]. [136], In May 2012, Maryland's Court of Appeals ruled that the state will recognize marriages of same-sex couples who married out-of-state, no matter the outcome of the November election. Maryland, constituent state of the United States of America. Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans mostly by Algonquian peoples and, to a lesser degree, Iroquoian and Siouan. In 1974, Maryland, along with seven other states, mainly in the South, submitted plans to desegregate its state universities; Maryland's plans were approved by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. [189], In February 2010, Attorney General Doug Gansler issued an opinion stating that Maryland law should honor same-sex marriages from out of state. With the nation's entry into World War I in 1917, new military bases such as Camp Meade, the Aberdeen Proving Ground, and the Edgewood Arsenal were established. [28], Maryland was founded to provide a haven for England's Roman Catholic minority. At the time, the state Supreme Court wrote a decision upholding marriage discrimination. [150] Also, the state's poverty rate of 7.8 percent is the lowest in the country. [46], The Progressive Era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought political reforms. Although a tactical draw, the battle was considered a strategic Union victory and a turning point of the war. Nearly every part of Maryland receives 3.54.5 inches (89114mm) per month of rain. [144] The Seventh-day Adventist Church's world headquarters and Ahmadiyya Muslims' national headquarters are located in Silver Spring, just outside the District of Columbia. [165], Maryland has experimented with healthcare payment reforms, notably beginning in the 1970s with an all-payer rate setting program regulated by the Health Services Cost Review Commission. New users only. [158] The state as a whole is heavily industrialized, with a booming economy and influential technology centers. I-68 travels 81 miles (130km), connecting the western portions of the state to I-70 at the small town of Hancock. We also provide stable environments for at-risk children and adults. Vermont has such a law, but no shale gas, and New York has such a ban, though it was made by executive order. Demographically, both Protestants and those identifying with no religion are more numerous than Catholics. . In addition, many suburban counties operate local bus systems which connect to and complement the larger MTA and WMATA/Metro services. ANNAPOLIS, Md. Blacks defeated three efforts to disenfranchise them, making alliances with immigrants to resist various Democratic campaigns. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia, many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to the United States12 percent of whom currently reside in Maryland. [193] Data from the 2017 census shows that, among large school districts, four Maryland districts are in the top six for per-pupil annual spending, exceeded only by the Boston and New York City districts.[194]. Most of the business of government is conducted in Annapolis, the state capital however some cabinet departments and state officials have their offices in Baltimore. The port ranked 17th in the U.S. by tonnage in 2008. Garrett County, which is mountainous, is served by stations from Pittsburgh, and requires cable or satellite for reception. Lierman, a Democrat and former state delegate, spoke of a mission-driven comptrollers office that focuses on inclusion and equity for all Marylanders. [64] USDA plant hardiness zones in the state range from Zones 5and6 in the extreme western part of the state to Zone7 in the central part, and Zone8 around the southern part of the coast, the bay area, and parts of metropolitan Baltimore. [37] Abolitionists Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass were born slaves during this time in Dorchester County and Talbot County, respectively.[38][39]. New residents of African descent include 20th-century and later immigrants from Nigeria, particularly of the Igbo and Yoruba tribes. Altogether, white collar technical and administrative workers comprise 25 percent of Maryland's labor force,[citation needed] attributable in part to nearby Maryland being a part of the Washington Metro Area where the federal government office employment is relatively high. Your signature at the MVA will become your official voter registration signature. [140][141] Amish/Mennonite communities are found in St. Mary's, Garrett, and Cecil counties. The state harbors a considerable number of white-tailed deer, especially in the woody and mountainous west of the state, and overpopulation can become a problem. Attractions in Baltimore include the Harborplace, the Baltimore Aquarium, Fort McHenry, as well as the Camden Yards baseball stadium. [66] Maryland's state flower, the black-eyed susan, grows in abundance in wild flower groups throughout the state. The list includes Babe Ruth, Cal Ripken Jr, Johnny Unitas, Brooks Robinson, Frank Robinson, Ray Lewis, Michael Phelps, Jimmie Foxx, Jim Parker, and Wes Unseld.[203]. Information reported to the hotline in the past has helped to eliminate certain fraudulent activities and protect State resources. The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maryland's gross state product in 2016 was $382.4billion. CSX Transportation. The third and fourth most spoken languages are French (including Patois and Cajun) and Chinese. Here are our lessons. Maryland Department Of Health. [94] The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Maryland was 6,045,680 on July 1, 2019, a 4.71% increase from the 2010 United States census and an increase of 2,962, from the prior year. The Maryland General Assembly is composed of the Maryland House of Delegates and the Maryland Senate. [10][11] It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. For those who want to save time and paper, an electronic reporting option is available through Maryland OneStop. Other attractions include the historic and picturesque towns along the Chesapeake Bay, such as Saint Mary's, Maryland's first colonial settlement and original capital. Into the 18th century, individual priests and lay leaders claimed Maryland farms belonging to the Jesuits as personal property and bequeathed them in order to evade the legal restrictions on religious organizations' owning property.[30]. By Larry Hogan. Must register with eligible promo code. [122] The Washington, D.C., metropolitan area is also home to large Eritrean and Somali communities. Must register with eligible promo code. Maryland's food-processing plants are the most significant type of manufacturing by value in the state. With more than 400 biotechnology companies located there, Maryland is the fourth largest nexus in this field in the United States.[162]. A modest volume of annual precipitation helps to support many types of plants, including seagrass and various reeds at the smaller end of the spectrum to the gigantic Wye Oak, a huge example of white oak, the state tree, which can grow over 70 feet (21m) tall. governor's race in stunning upset", "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020", "The First Drag Queen Was a Former Slave", "Top 10 Largest School Districts by Enrollment and Per Pupil Current Spending", "Md. Following the end of Reconstruction in 1877, Democrats devised means of disenfranchising blacks, initially by physical intimidation and voter fraud, later by constitutional amendments and laws. [54][55] The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland. New Orleans, LA. [citation needed]. Officially, the new "Maryland Colony" was named in honor of Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I of England. [34], Most of the English colonists arrived in Maryland as indentured servants, and had to serve a several years' term as laborers to pay for their passage. Poverty Rate Drops; Ranks of Uninsured Grow, "Tonnage for Selected U.S. Historically, there used to be small gold-mining operations in Maryland, some near Washington, but these no longer exist. Racial Makeup of Maryland excluding Hispanics from racial categories (2019)[113]NH = Non-Hispanic, Spanish (including Spanish Creole) is the second most spoken language in Maryland, after English. George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (15791632), sought a charter from King Charles I for the territory between Massachusetts to the north and Virginia to the immediate south. St. Mary's County is home to Historic St. Mary's City, a living museum on the site of Maryland's first capital. Marylands Bipartisan Success Story. Maryland is home to defense contractor Emergent BioSolutions, which manufactures and provides an anthrax vaccine to U.S. government military personnel. Your signature at the MVA will become your official voter registration signature. Information reported to the hotline in the past has helped to eliminate certain fraudulent activities and protect State resources. Included among these are the crape myrtle, Italian cypress, southern magnolia, live oak in the warmer parts of the state,[63] and even hardy palm trees in the warmer central and eastern parts of the state. Erin Cox/The Washington Post. Among them are two beltways encircling the major cities of the region: I-695, the McKeldin (Baltimore) Beltway, which encircles Baltimore; and a portion of I-495, the Capital Beltway, which encircles Washington, D.C. I-270, which connects the Frederick area with Northern Virginia and the District of Columbia through major suburbs to the northwest of Washington, is a major commuter route and is as wide as fourteen lanes at points. Asian Americans are concentrated in the suburban counties surrounding Washington, D.C., and in Howard County, with Korean American and Taiwanese American communities in Rockville, Gaithersburg, and Germantown, and a Filipino American community in Fort Washington. Here are our lessons. (AP) Maryland 's Gov.-elect Wes Moore announced additional Cabinet appointments on Tuesday, a day before he's scheduled to be sworn in as governor. Agricultural tracts gave way to residential communities, some of them carefully planned such as Columbia, St. Charles, and Montgomery Village. Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal and political action to defend the LGBTQ community's right to assemble. My fellow Marylanders: As my time as governor comes to an end, I am grateful to all of youthe people of Marylandfor your heartfelt support and, in times of personal challenges, for your countless prayers. In Maryland's four westernmost counties, industrial, railroad, and coal mining jobs declined. Less than 9.95% of fully vaccinated Maryland residents later tested positive for COVID-19. Maryland's reptile and amphibian population includes the diamondback terrapin turtle, which was adopted as the mascot of University of Maryland, College Park, as well as the threatened Eastern box turtle. [70] Every year during the last week of July, they are captured and swim across a shallow bay for sale at Chincoteague, Virginia, a conservation technique which ensures the tiny island is not overrun by the horses. We are the states human services provider. His father died in 1982, when Moore was three. Maryland (US: / m r l n d / MERR-il-nd) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. [24] Maryland also has a state highway system that contains routes numbered from 2through 999, however most of the higher-numbered routes are either unsigned or are relatively short. Since the 1940s, the state's population has grown rapidly, to approximately six million residents, and it is among the most densely populated U.S. states. The workers' compensation law was overturned in the courts, but was redrafted and finally enacted in 1910. In addition, train service is provided to Rockville and Cumberland by Amtrak's Washington, D.C., to Chicago Capitol Limited. Maryland also has several sites of interest to military history, given Maryland's role in the American Civil War and in the War of 1812. Maryland, one of the 50 US states, is located in the Mid-Atlantic region in the northeast of the United States. After Baltimore died in April 1632, the charter was granted to his son, Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (16051675), on June 20, 1632. On the lower Eastern Shore, family farms were bought up by major concerns and large-scale poultry farms and vegetable farming became prevalent.

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