[14] Blood flow, blood transit time, and organ blood volume, can all be calculated with reasonable sensitivity and specificity. RECENT WINNERS. Depending on which part of your body is being scanned, you may be asked to: A special dye called contrast material is needed for some CT scans to help highlight the areas of your body being examined. You may have a CT scan at a hospital or imaging center. [90] The attenuation of metallic implants depends on the atomic number of the element used: Titanium usually has an amount of +1000HU, iron steel can completely extinguish the X-ray and is, therefore, responsible for well-known line-artifacts in computed tomograms. DCF will contact you within 24 or 72 hours if a report of abuse or neglect is made against you. Following upon the success of the Image Gently campaign, the American College of Radiology, the Radiological Society of North America, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine and the American Society of Radiologic Technologists have launched a similar campaign to address this issue in the adult population called Image Wisely. Accessed Jan. 19, 2018. [134] Current evidence suggests informing parents of the risks of pediatric CT scanning. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. [165], For purposes of comparison, the world average dose rate from naturally occurring sources of background radiation is 2.4mSv per year, equal for practical purposes in this application to 2.4mGy per year. Parents may want to ask the technologist or doctor if their machine settings have been adjusted for children. [156][158] [22] Of the above, hypodense (dark) structures can indicate edema and infarction, hyperdense (bright) structures indicate calcifications and haemorrhage and bone trauma can be seen as disjunction in bone windows. For 2D projections used in radiation therapy for quality assurance and planning of external beam radiotherapy, including digitally reconstructed radiographs, see Beam's eye view. The main limitation of this type of CT is the bulk and inertia of the equipment (X-ray tube assembly and detector array on the opposite side of the circle) which limits the speed at which the equipment can spin. font size. It will look more and more similar to conventional. From family day trips to romantic getaways and fun events. For more complex anatomies and procedures, such as heart valve interventions, a true 3D reconstruction or a 3D print is created based on these CT images to gain a deeper understanding. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. When the CT slice thickness is also factored in, the unit is known as a voxel, which is a three-dimensional unit. studies on 2.5 million patients[138] and 3.2 million patients[139] have drawn attention to high cumulative doses of more than 100 mSv to patients undergoing recurrent CT scans within a short time span of 1 to 5 years. A computed tomography scan (usually abbreviated to CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body. Quinebaug Valley Community College 742 Upper Maple Street, Danielson, CT. These artifacts can obscure anatomical structures or affect calculations necessary for planning radiation therapy. Digital geometry processing can generate a three-dimensional image of an object inside the body from a series of two-dimensional radiographic images taken by rotation around a fixed axis. How a CT system works: A motorized table moves the patient through a circular opening in the CT imaging system. [18], The use of CT scans has increased dramatically over the last two decades in many countries. The mission of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) is to transform through engineering the understanding of disease and its prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment. [85][86], Two-dimensional CT images are conventionally rendered so that the view is as though looking up at it from the patient's feet. [8] Fewer scanners of this design have been produced when compared with spinning tube types, mainly due to the higher cost associated with building a much larger X-ray tube and detector array and limited anatomical coverage. [186], Contrast media used for X-ray CT, as well as for plain film X-ray, are called radiocontrasts. [34], An incidentally found nodule in the absence of symptoms (sometimes referred to as an incidentaloma) may raise concerns that it might represent a tumor, either benign or malignant. Useful for angiographic studies and identification of pulmonary nodules. In certain cases, your doctor may recommend that you receive a special dye called contrast material. New. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Accessed Jan. 19, 2018. [42] More recently CT has played a key role in the fast-evolving field of transcatheter structural heart interventions, more specifically in the transcatheter repair and replacement of heart valves.[43][44][45]. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of [12][13], CT perfusion imaging is a specific form of CT to assess flow through blood vessels whilst injecting a contrast agent. The pixel itself is displayed according to the mean attenuation of the tissue(s) that it corresponds to on a scale from +3,071 (most attenuating) to 1,024 (least attenuating) on the Hounsfield scale. [14] This type of CT may be used on the heart, although sensitivity and specificity for detecting abnormalities are still lower than for other forms of CT.[15] This may also be used on the brain, where CT perfusion imaging can often detect poor brain perfusion well before it is detected using a conventional spiral CT scan. Water has an attenuation of 0 Hounsfield units (HU), while air is 1,000HU, cancellous bone is typically +400HU, and cranial bone can reach 2,000HU or more (os temporale) and can cause artifacts. [10][11] These two detector systems are mounted on a single gantry at 90 in the same plane. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, RADx Tech Programmatic or Technical Inquiries, Instrumentation Development and Engineering Application Solutions (IDEAS), NIH Intramural Research Program Training Opportunities, NIH Intramural Research Program Career Opportunities, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility Programs and Activities, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Design by Biomedical Undergraduate Teams (DEBUT) Challenge. The state is required to disclose to law enforcement the identity of the person who made the false report but unfortunately they rarely do. Such a technique could significantly shorten the time from the diagnosis of a stroke to the start of endovascular therapy, and could also guide the endovascular treatment. [152], Major manufacturers of CT Scanners Devices and Equipment are:[209], Photon-counting computed tomography is a CT technique currently under development. Contact a DCF defense attorney before speaking to DCF. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Each time the x-ray source completes one full rotation, the CT computer uses sophisticated mathematical techniques to construct a two-dimensional image slice of the patient. People who falsely report always remain anonymous. Barkan, O; Weill, J; Averbuch, A; Dekel, S. Redberg, Rita F., and Smith-Bindman, Rebecca. [193] Computed tomography was originally known as the "EMI scan" as it was developed in the early 1970s at a research branch of EMI, a company best known today for its music and recording business. Varied types of fungus can degrade wood to different degrees, one Belgium research group has been used X-ray CT 3 dimension with sub-micron resolution unveiled fungi can penetrate micropores of 0.6 m[80] under certain conditions. [50][51][52][53], CT is an accurate technique for diagnosis of abdominal diseases like Crohn's disease,[54] GIT bleeding, and diagnosis and staging of cancer, as well as follow-up after cancer treatment to assess response. When the CT slice thickness is also factored in, the unit is known as a voxel, which is a three-dimensional unit.[185]. This is particularly useful for ill patients having difficulty holding their breath or unable to take heart-rate lowering medication. A CT scan can be used to visualize nearly all parts of the body and is used to diagnose disease or injury as well as to plan medical, surgical or radiation treatment. However, the risk of developing cancer from x-ray radiation exposure is generally small. guns, knives, liquid containers). Movement blurs the images and may lead to inaccurate results. Shrimpton, P.C; Miller, H.C; Lewis, M.A; Dunn, M. Commons: Scrollable computed tomography images of a normal brain. Using contrast material can also help to obtain functional information about tissues. Contrast agents contain substances that can stop x-rays and are therefore more visible on an x-ray image. [201] This initiative has been endorsed and applied by a growing list of various professional medical organizations around the world and has received support and assistance from companies that manufacture equipment used in Radiology. For cross-sectional images used in industry, see, Modern CT scanner (2021), photon-counting CT (Siemens NAEOTOM Alpha), Multiplanar reconstruction and projections, Please expand the section to include this information. A CT scan in a pregnant woman poses no known risks to the baby if the area of the body being imaged isnt the abdomen or pelvis. However, oral alternatives to iodinated contrast exist, such as very dilute (0.51% w/v) barium sulfate suspensions. [96], New software allows the reconstruction of data in non-orthogonal (oblique) planes, which help in the visualization of organs which are not in orthogonal planes. transcatheter structural heart interventions, Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis, iterative Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance, International Commission on Radiological Protection, Template:Effective dose by medical imaging type, American Society of Radiologic Technologists, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979", "Electron beam computed tomography: Challenges and opportunities", "Principles and applications of dual source CT", "Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer", "Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007", "Dangers of CT Scans and X-Rays Consumer Reports", "Developing Stereotactic Frames for Cranial Treatment", "Thyroid computed tomography imaging: pictorial review of variable pathologies", "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", "Radiation Dose Associated with Common Computed Tomography Examinations and the Associated Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer", "Cardiac CT | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org", "Complementary role of cardiac CT in the assessment of aortic valve replacement dysfunction", "Computed Tomography for Structural Heart Disease and Interventions", "Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA)", "Cardiac 3D Printing and its Future Directions", "Innovative Mitral Valve Treatment with 3D Visualization at Henry Ford", "3D-Imaging of cardiac structures using 3D heart models for planning in heart surgery: a preliminary study", "Cross-sectional Imaging in Crohn Disease", "Transient thermal finite element analysis of CFCCu ITER monoblock using X-ray tomography data", "A model-based 3D multi-slice helical CT reconstruction algorithm for transportation security application", "Implicit Gibbs prior models for tomographic reconstruction", "Innovative data weighting for iterative reconstruction in a helical CT security baggage scanner", "A Classifier based Approach for the Detection of Potential Threats in CT based Baggage Screening", "A Comparison of Classification Approaches for Threat Detection in CT based Baggage Screening", "A Comparison of 3D Interest Point Descriptors with Application to Airport Baggage Object Detection in Complex CT Imagery", "How Next Generation Airport Scanners Are Ending The 100ml Liquid Rule", "Laboratory | About Chikyu | The Deep-sea Scientific Drilling Vessel CHIKYU", "A New Method for Quality Control of Geological Cores by X-Ray Computed Tomography: Application in IODP Expedition 370", "From damage to discovery via virtual unwrapping: Reading the scroll from En-Gedi", "A Letter Sealed for Centuries Has Been ReadWithout Even Opening It", "Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed documents imaged by X-ray microtomography", "Advanced Documentation Methods in Studying Corinthian Black-figure Vase Painting", "Three-Dimensional X-Ray Imaging and Analysis of Fungi on and in Wood", "Volume Rendering versus Maximum Intensity Projection in CT Angiography: What Works Best, When, and Why", "Automatic perceptual color map generation for realistic volume visualization", "Use of multi-planar reconstruction (MPR) and 3-dimentional [sic] (3D) CT to assess stability criteria in C2 vertebral fractures", "Technical aspects of CT imaging of the spine", "CT imaging: Where are we going? [149] In the United Kingdom it accounts for 15% of radiation exposure. During a CT scan, the patient lies on a bed that slowly moves through the gantry while the x-ray tube rotates around the patient, shooting narrow beams ofx-raysthrough the body. Imaging for acute ischemic stroke: Stroke, which can have lasting neurological injuries, is also a leading cause of death worldwide. Two-dimensional CT images are conventionally rendered so that the view is as though looking up at it from the patient's feet. (Proceedings)", "Modern imaging of the tracheo-bronchial tree", "Role of curved planar reformations using multidetector spiral CT in diagnosis of pancreatic and peripancreatic diseases", "Three-dimensional Volume Rendering of Spiral CT Data: Theory and Method", "Noninvasive Coronary Imaging Using Electron Beam CT: Surface Rendering Versus Volume Rendering", "Radiation Exposures to Patients from CT: Reality, Public Perception, and Policy", "Radiation Effects on organs of the body (somatic effects)", "Thoracic computed tomography: principles and practice", "Mitigating motion artifacts in FDK based 3D Cone-beam Brain Imaging System using markers", "A Method for Simultaneous Image Reconstruction and Beam Hardening Correction", "An Experimental Survey of Metal Artefact Reduction in Computed Tomography", "Virtual Monochromatic Spectral Imaging with Fast Kilovoltage Switching: Reduction of Metal Artifacts at CT", "Dynamic intensity normalization using eigen flat fields in X-ray imaging", "Virtual colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening: current status: Wednesday 5 October 2005, 14:0016:00", "Clinical validation of high-resolution fast spin-echo MR colonography after colon distention with air", "Reliability and accuracy of fine-cut computed tomography scans to determine the status of anterior interbody fusions with metallic cages", "Computed tomography an increasing source of radiation exposure", "Medical X-ray Imaging What are the Radiation Risks from CT? ", "The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CT_scan&oldid=1133857078, Articles to be expanded from November 2021, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. During the COVID-19 pandemic, NIBIB created a collaborative imaginginitiative called the Medical ImagingandData Resource Center(MIDRC). The radiation dose reported in the gray or mGy unit is proportional to the amount of energy that the irradiated body part is expected to absorb, and the physical effect (such as DNA double strand breaks) on the cells' chemical bonds by X-ray radiation is proportional to that energy. It can be used for thin slices as well as projections. [129][130] Virtual colonography is far more accurate than a barium enema for detection of tumors and uses a lower radiation dose. Diagnose muscle and bone disorders, such as bone tumors and fractures, Pinpoint the location of a tumor, infection or blood clot, Guide procedures such as surgery, biopsy and radiation therapy, Detect and monitor diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, lung nodules and liver masses, Monitor the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as cancer treatment, Detect internal injuries and internal bleeding, Take off some or all of your clothing and wear a hospital gown, Remove metal objects, such as a belt, jewelry, dentures and eyeglasses, which might interfere with image results, Refrain from eating or drinking for a few hours before your scan. [169] Thus, as is shown in the table above, the actual radiation that is absorbed by a scanned body part is often much larger than the effective dose suggests. There is a higher risk of mortality in those who are female, elderly or in poor health, usually secondary to either anaphylaxis or acute kidney injury.[154]. Moreover, a highly significant finding that was previously unreported is that some patients received >100 mSv dose from CT scans in a single day,[138] which counteracts existing criticisms some investigators may have on the effects of protracted versus acute exposure. Password must have 9+ characters; Password must have 1 capital letter; Password must have 1 number; Password must have 1 lower case letter; Password must have 1 special character [134] Some experts project that in the future, between three and five percent of all cancers would result from medical imaging. For example, CT angiography avoids the invasive insertion of a catheter. 3. View on map. However, they are not optimal for every object subject to these kinds of research questions, as there are certain artifacts like the Herculaneum papyri in which the material composition has very little variation along the inside of the object. The 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to South African-American physicist Allan MacLeod Cormack and British electrical engineer Godfrey Hounsfield "for the development of computer-assisted tomography". In this project, NIBIB-funded researchers have developed an algorithm to reduce metal artifacts in CT imaging, without requiring knowledge of the implant material. This left-right interchange corresponds to the view that physicians generally have in reality when positioned in front of patients. Hoffman Audi of New London Home New Vehicles New Inventory. Phone: 203-857-7023 Email: NK-FinAid@norwalk.edu. [36], Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a type of contrast CT to visualize the arteries and veins throughout the body. New Audi Inventory 2022 Available Inventory Incoming Vehicle Bonus Program Audi Lease Specials Start Your Custom Order Sell Us Your Car KBB.com Consumer Reviews. Connecticut DCF specifically investigates allegations of child abuse and neglect. [144][145][146], One study estimated that as many as 0.4% of cancers in the United States resulted from CT scans, and that this may have increased to as much as 1.5 to 2% based on the rate of CT use in 2007. [29] CT of the thyroid plays an important role in the evaluation of thyroid cancer. Further details may exist on the, Advanced documentation methods in studying Corinthian black-figure vase painting. Driven by Trust. CT scan can be used in patients with metallic implants or pacemakers, for whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is contraindicated. Realtor.com ranks Hartford as #1 Housing Market in U.S. for 2023 VISIT SITE. McCollough C, et al. En Espaol | Site Map | Staff Directory | Contact Us. While techniques exist to reduce such artifacts, they do not fully mitigate the artifacts and may even introduce new ones. In some patients, contrast agents may cause allergic reactions, or in rare cases, temporary kidney failure. As the x-rays leave the patient, they are picked up by the detectors and transmitted to a computer. [184] These cross-sectional images are made up of small units of pixels or voxels. [155] Overall reactions occur in 1 to 3% with nonionic contrast and 4 to 12% of people with ionic contrast. The personnel that perform CT scans are Calcitonin (symbol CT), a hormone produced in the thyroid gland. It uses a series of X-rays and a computer to produce a 3D image of soft tissues and bones. [149] Those in the nuclear industry in the United States are limited to doses of 50mSv a year and 100mSv every 5 years.[149]. It was noted that "while unnecessary radiation exposure should be avoided, a medically needed CT scan obtained with appropriate acquisition parameter has benefits that outweigh the radiation risks. [31] It is particularly relevant here because normal two-dimensional X-rays do not show such defects. [127] Third, CT scanning enables multiplanar reformatted imaging: scan data can be visualized in the transverse (or axial), coronal, or sagittal plane, depending on the diagnostic task. [87] Hence, the left side of the image is to the patient's right and vice versa, while anterior in the image also is the patient's anterior and vice versa. The thickness of the tissue represented in each image slice can vary depending on the CT machine used, but usually ranges from 1-10 millimeters. State Of Connecticut Department Of Children And Families: write a review or complaint, send question to owners, map of nearby places and companies To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which View and Download Science Topic Fact Sheets (PDFs). [33], Bronchial wall thickening can be seen on lung CTs and generally (but not always) implies inflammation of the bronchi. There is so much more to explore at NIBIB. https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/pregnant-pts.pdf. This type of test is used to look for possible obstructions in blood vessels, including those in the heart. A variety of techniques are used, depending on the suspected abnormality. Reproductive Health in Connecticut: Know Your Rights. This special technique is called high resolution CT that produces a sampling of the lung, and not continuous images. CT can distinguish between tissues that differ in radiographic density by 1% or less. [77][78] Further examples of use cases in archaeology is imaging the contents of sarcophagi or ceramics.[79]. A CT scan of the heart may be ordered when various types of heart disease or abnormalities are suspected. An early diagnosis of these conditions could potentially be lifesaving. At the low doses of radiation used in CT imaging, no negative effects have been observed in humans. CT scan is a type of imaging test. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. [149] A typical plain film X-ray involves radiation dose of 0.01 to 0.15mGy, while a typical CT can involve 1020mGy for specific organs, and can go up to 80mGy for certain specialized CT scans. [148], A person's age plays a significant role in the subsequent risk of cancer. [149] Estimated lifetime cancer mortality risks from an abdominal CT of a one-year-old is 0.1%, or 1:1000 scans. [76] Micro-CT has also proved useful for analyzing more recent artifacts such as still-sealed historic correspondence that employed the technique of letterlocking (complex folding and cuts) that provided a "tamper-evident locking mechanism". The multiple X-ray measurements taken from different angles are then processed on a computer using tomographic reconstruction algorithms to produce tomographic (cross-sectional) images (virtual "slices") of a body. By reformatting the data in other planes, visualization of the relative position can be achieved in sagittal and coronal plane. PCDs have several potential advantages, including improving signal (and contrast) to noise ratios, reducing doses, improving spatial resolution, and through use of several energies, distinguishing multiple contrast agents. [153], In the United States half of CT scans are contrast CTs using intravenously injected radiocontrast agents. If you have an issue with one of our programs and need resolution, we want to make sure it reaches the right person. These slices are called tomographic images and can give a clinician more They can give more information about injuries or diseases of the chest organs. If we combine this information with your protected The sievert unit, in the context of CT scans, does not correspond to the actual radiation dose that the scanned body part absorbs but to another radiation dose of another scenario, the whole body absorbing the other radiation dose and the other radiation dose being of a magnitude, estimated to have the same probability to induce cancer as the CT scan. : the effect of adjusting for multiple primaries", "Answers to Common Questions About the Use and Safety of CT Scans", "No evidence that CT scans, X-rays cause cancer", "Radiation exposure from Chest CT: Issues and Strategies", "Use of Intravenous Iodinated Contrast Media in Patients with Kidney Disease: Consensus Statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation", "Nuclear energy and health: and the benefits of low-dose radiation hormesis", Doses from Computed Tomography (CT) examinations in the UK 2003 Review, "Dynamics of DNA damage response proteins at DNA breaks: a focus on protein modifications", The Measurement, Reporting, and Management of Radiation Dose in CT, "Absorbed, Equivalent, and Effective Dose ICRPaedia", "The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection", "Radiation and pregnancy: A fact sheet for clinicians", "FDA investigates the safety of brain perfusion CT", "Alignment Solution for CT Image Reconstruction using Fixed Point and Virtual Rotation Axis", "computed tomography Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary", "What's the difference between a CAT-Scan and a CT-Scan? include protected health information. First, CT eliminates the superimposition of images of structures outside the area of interest. Answers to common questions about the use and safety of CT scans. Using CT scans, conservators and researchers are able to determine the material composition of the objects they are exploring, such as the position of ink along the layers of a scroll, without any additional harm. X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), computerized axial tomography scan (CAT scan), The average attenuation of each voxel is displayed. [196][197][198], In Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), "computed axial tomography" was used from 1977 to 1979, but the current indexing explicitly includes "X-ray" in the title. 2. [211][212] PCDs have only recently become feasible in CT scanners due to improvements in detector technologies that can cope with the volume and rate of data required. For example, CT has become a useful screening tool for detecting possible tumors or lesions within the abdomen. When a full slice is completed, the image is stored and the motorized bed is moved forward incrementally into the gantry. CT Guide to Remote Proceedings; CT Laws and Court Rules; Directories. In the case of non-uniform radiation, or radiation given to only part of the body, which is common for CT examinations, using the local equivalent dose alone would overstate the biological risks to the entire organism.[171][172][173]. [181] As the X-rays pass through the patient, they are attenuated differently by various tissues according to the tissue density. These images are more detailed than regular X-rays. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant. Some of the features on CT.gov will not function properly with out javascript enabled. If your infant or toddler is having a CT scan, the doctor may recommend a sedative to keep your child calm and still. Accessed Feb. 1, 2018. In general, if imaging of the abdomen and pelvis is needed, doctors prefer to use exams that do not use radiation, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) orultrasound. [159] This occurs in 2 to 7% of people who receive these agents, with greater risk in those who have preexisting kidney failure,[159] preexisting diabetes, or reduced intravascular volume. The amount of radiation is greater than you would get during a plain X-ray because the CT scan gathers more-detailed information. https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=bodyct. In this group, one in every 1,800 CT scans was followed by an excess cancer. [185], Pixels in an image obtained by CT scanning are displayed in terms of relative radiodensity. Attorneys Courts Jurors Media Public Victims Committees / Meetings Directions E-Services Forms Help Jobs However, biological parents can petition the court to have their parental rights restored, Dorantes said. CT scanning can perform a virtual colonoscopy with greater accuracy and less discomfort for the patient than a traditional colonoscopy. [149] The risk for someone who is 40 years old is half that of someone who is 20 years old with substantially less risk in the elderly. For example, to examine the circulatory system, an intravenous (IV)contrast agentbased on iodine is injected into the bloodstream to help illuminate blood vessels. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). [14][16] This is better for stroke diagnosis than other CT types. 1. Who made the report? Find great ways to explore dining, lodging, and attractions in Connecticut. For example, CT images of the brain are commonly viewed with a window extending from 0 HU to 80 HU. [187] This is useful to highlight structures such as blood vessels that otherwise would be difficult to delineate from their surroundings. The researchers plan to optimize their algorithm and then evaluate their technique as a potential method to improve radiation therapy planning for prostate cancer among those with hip protheses.

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