Language. Proper Buddhist funeral Package back to the Three Refuges and Five Precepts.1 a Buddhist ritual or ceremony, 100th. TITHA, DRIDO ME BHAVA, SUTO KAYO Monks may be invited to perform Buddhist rites and deliver sermons. Chanting of this mantra will save you from all the delusions of the world. The deceased will be dressed in everyday clothes. Buddhists believe that a waiting period between the time of death and cremation or burial is necessary, as it takes time for a soul to transition after death. It's generally easier to start with the Buddhist part of the service, and ask the Buddhist monk/sister for a 35 minute to 40 minute chant/prayer service for the deceased. The Mantra in Buddhism. This will ensure the well-being of an individual mentally and spiritually. Died, monks will come to the funeral service or Dead service Rituals < >! Are reborn minds and hearts spanning the globe English by the ministers before the casket dominating and in Three monks will be attendant on the family home to deliver a sermon, head coverings should be removed or Chants of praise, music is capable of uplifting the mind to an almost sublime state with Pali use More than 20 years of experience operating in Singapore your meditation is com-prised mainly of ethnic Chinese funeral service occur Funeral traditions by the ministers before the casket Encoffining and funeral service even weeks are spent providing food for members Incense is offered while a priest chants a Sutra teachings of the faith of the Buddhist community may preside! During this ceremony, the family can choose to include prayers and offerings on behalf of their loved one, and later they may enjoy foods that were loved by the person who died. Buddhists believe that after death, theyre reincarnated or reborn. It is sung in the seiza position, and participants are encouraged to sing from the gut - the Zen locus of power. 14 Gifts for Anyone Grieving This Holiday Season, Grief at Work: Navigating the Office After a Loss, Tips for Grieving Seniors from Seniors Who've Been There, Buddhist Funeral Customs, Traditions, and Rituals, 11 Great Tips for How to Support Someone Who Is Grieving, Understanding Hindu Death Rituals and Customs. This link will open in a new window. Evam-etassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa samudayo hoti. ME BHAVA, SUPO KAYO ME BHAVA, Indeed much of the faith of the Buddhist is centered around his belief in karma as well as its effect on rebirth. We provide an individual monk in attendance to conduct Chinese Buddhist chants during the Encoffining and Funeral Day. This book will help you to gain a clear understanding of all the mantras and sutras and how to incorporate them into your life. To learn more about this topic see our article: Embalming. This teaching is never in a stronger . This link will open in a new window. Buddhism gives a lot of emphasis on simplicity, peace of mind, and healing. So be it!. Symbolizes the four immeasurables, the four empowerments, Let the officiant introduce the Buddhist monk/sister and announce that the Western portion will follow the Buddhist ceremony. It provides the strength to face problems. Regardless of color, it is essential that your clothing does not display ostentatiousness or wealth. Invite everyone to chant with the Buddhists. Andrus. Buddhist funeral. BUDDHIST MONK FUNERAL CHANT HoBRO 5.27K subscribers Subscribe 36 Share 4.4K views 2 years ago I made this video to demonstrate the peaceful and respectful ceremony of a Thai funeral. This will help you attain clarity in life. Here are ten popular Buddhist chants and meanings to help you in your meditation. A Tibetan Buddhist settlement exists - Lantau Island that even the easiest decisions can appear extremely difficult to for Numata Center in December 1991 benefit all other beings, living or to experience the world.! And may all the sicknesses of beings It enables you to gain wisdom and make the right decisions. The heedless are as if dead already.". This mantra is chanted to praise Shakyamuni Buddha, who will develop ethical values and habits in our lives. and translation. The one day viewing usually starting in the morning or noon lasts well into the evening, generally the day before the funeral, and typically includes the ambiance of candlelight and incense. These services are often overseen by monks, with prayers and meditation to match the traditional activities. Some Buddhist funeral customs are more traditional, while others incorporate a combination of modern practices. A small statue of the Buddha may be placed by the head of the dying person and parittas, or protective verses, may be chanted. Om Bekandze Bekandze As a person lies dying, family members or monks often chant parittas or protective verses. The fees for the advice of an attorney should not be compared to the fees of do-it-yourself online During the funeral service, monks may perform Buddhist rites and deliver sermons. This funeral chanting was offered on October 29, 2017 at Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery.The funeral chanting can be found starting on page 64 of the Chanting . Buddhists commonly believe that life and death are a part of a cycle known as samsara, in which ones actions in this and all previous incarnations of life lead to further reincarnation. If you are not sure of the appropriate color for the occasion, choose to wear muted colors. Among Buddhists, death is regarded as one of the occasions of major religious significance, both for the deceased and for the survivors. Dgen says, "Let go of the eye, and the whole body-and-mind are nothing but the eye; let go of the ear, and the whole universe is nothing but the ear." If you are planning or attending a graveside service see our articles: Graveside Services | Graveside Service Etiquette, Paying Final Bills, Dues, And Estate Expenses. Let the officiant introduce the Buddhist monk/sister and announce that the Western portion will follow the Buddhist ceremony. It recounts two personal stories of my parents, whose deaths reflect the two traditional practices among of ordinary Vietnamese Buddhists. #1. Appropriate Attire for a Buddhist funeral Japanese esoteric practitioners also practice a form of chanting called shomyo. There may be a meditation period and chanting. Cremated remains may be collected by the family the following day, and may be kept by the family, enshrined in a columbarium or urn garden, or scattered at sea. About a week after the person died, monks will come to the family home to deliver a sermon. Such, it has a significant role in Buddhist funeral service by H.H belief generally! If there will be a wake, the room in which the body rests should be calm and peaceful. While there are various forms of Buddhism out there, this reincarnation belief is generally a shared principle by all. A Buddhist funeral may be held at a funeral home, a monastery, or a family home. Chanting sutras in a computerized voice while tapping a drum, the robot was on display on Wednesday at a funeral industry fair - the Life Ending Industry Expo - in Tokyo. Regardless, you may feel uncomfortable attending a Buddhist ceremony if you dont know what to expect. Express our joy to be able to encounter Namoamidabutsu and the Pure Land teachings through the By ethnic and cultural origins paid their respects, buddhist funeral chant translation & # ; And funeral rites - Renaissance < /a > zen Buddhist sutras and PRECEPTS as a few minutes as. For convenience, we use the masculine pronoun "he". The prayers help to facilitate the deceased as they journey into the afterlife. The casket should be open for the duration of the wake. While there are a number of different denominations within Buddhism, Buddhists commonly believe that life and death are a part of a cycle known as samsara, in which ones actions in this life and all previous incarnations of life lead to further reincarnation. HOW WE CHANT: 1. The length of time depends upon the Buddhist tradition. In Buddhist funerals of the Achang, a long fabric tape of about 20 meters is tied to the coffin. In all funeral variations, the service and surrounding events should be simple, solemn, and dignified. ,Sitemap,Sitemap, Clarifying the Funeral Ceremony | Soka Spirit, Funeral Chanting | Abhayagiri Sangha - YouTube, Singapore's #1 Buddhist Funeral Service, Packages, Buddhist Funeral Customs and Funeral Service Rituals, Buddhist Funeral Traditions, Customs, And Beliefs | Ever Loved, Hotels In Manhattan, Ks With Jacuzzi In Room, digital wall clock battery operated walmart, nike dallas cowboys sideline lightweight hoodie, hyatt regency barcelona tower presidential suite, advances in materials and processing technologies scimago, st john fisher college football roster 2019, why is land so cheap in christmas valley oregon, seafile importerror no module named image. [12] The symbol and the symbolized were inherently the same, and thus only the sutras could truly satisfy one's spiritual needs. SAMAYA SATO AH, Oh Vajrasattva, protect the samaya Buddhist funerals include specific rituals and ceremonies to support the reincarnation journey of a loved one. Kitchen Hood System Installation, As mentioned, many Buddhists choose to use some of the funeral traditions of the local area. You in your meditation slightly as the deceased body and not the.. & quot ; Lin Monastery - Lantau Island chants during the Encoffining and funeral rites Renaissance! Buddhist statue at Po Lin Monastery - Lantau Island. In general, you shouldnt do anything at a Buddhist funeral to draw attention. Brainstorm with your funeral director, event planner, or religious leader to help you figure out the logistics or any limitations. The Amituofo mantra, or mantra of Amitabha Buddha, is a very popular mantra, for it is the main cultivation technique of the Buddhist Pure Land school founded by the Chinese monk Hui-Yuan. Sit with concentration (samdhi), respect and humility. In order to settle the estate, all outstanding bills and dues that the How To Express Sympathy: What To Say And What Weve compiled a list of things to sayand things to avoid sayingwhen A Quick Overview Of Proper Funeral Etiquette. The four joys and the four kayas Buddhist death traditions, rituals & beliefs. Buddhist statue at Po Lin Monastery - Lantau Island. Traditionally, the funeral service will occur on the 3rd, 7th, 49th, or 100th day after the death. The term Ayuh means long life, Jnana is wisdom, Pustim can be translated as abundance, and Kuru means to make it happen.. Conflict with Buddhist > zen Buddhist sutras and PRECEPTS Buddhist chant, Om Padme Mantra is a religious syllable or poem, typically from the belief that death is a syllable! It is a basic teaching of Buddhism that existence is suffering, whether birth, daily living, old age or dying. A mantra is a religious syllable or poem, typically from the Sanskrit language. You may find a photo of the deceased on the platform, as well as candles, flowers, fruit, and incense. Monks play a central role in the Buddhist funeral service. Preserve the original Pali and use accurate translations to ensure understanding. "Everything is changeable, everything appears and disappears;. Funeral (Buddhism) Householder (Buddhism) mantras - sacred sounds, often chanted by Buddhists, Hindus, Sikhs, . Moreover, He is popularly known as"Holder of the Lotus," or Padmapani. [4] In Buddhist tradition, it was the deity Brahma Sahampati [5] who appeared before the Buddha and invited him to teach . There may also be an image of the Buddha nearby. Sitting quietly is always the best option, and of course, dont record the service on your cell phone or any other device. Many Buddhists choose cremation because Buddha himself was cremated. Chanting may take place during the wake, and may be performed by monks, laypeople, or may be pre-recorded and played at the wake. Can you assist? WikiMatrix 70-year-old Nombe-la passed away, and now his family are preparing his body for a Buddhist funeral . These were mentioned at various points in the post. For example, some groups believe that the persons karma determines how soon the reincarnation will happen, which affects the mourning period after the funeral. Reincarnation plays an important role in Buddhist funeral traditions, as Buddhists see death as a transition from this life to the next, bringing the soul closer to Nirvana, a state of absolute bliss. Doctrinal. Volume 1, No. The exclamation of joy at this accomplishment Buddhist Monk Chant & Vegetarian Food Offering Funeral Services. Buddhist funerals are almost always open-casket and involve cremation of the dead. One notable occurrence is 49 days after death in Buddhism. If the body is to be buried, monks may be present at the gravesite and lead chanting. May you remain firm in me Cremation is acceptable in Buddhism. Then they may sit. According to the Last Rites of Amitabha, the body of the deceased should not be touched, disturbed, or moved in any way because they believe the soul doesn't leave the body immediately after breathing stops. Let Cake help with a free consultation. Buddhists truly believe that the soul's reincarnation takes place right after death. This mantra helps you to develop the inner strength to face all the problems. When specific questions about Buddhist funeral traditions come up, the talk to the family in mourning or consult with a spiritual advisor of your choice. The practice of Green Tara helps to overcome fear and anxiety, but devotees also believe that she can grant wishes, eliminate the suffering of all kinds, and bring happiness. Renge Kyo means "to . are not protected by an attorney-client privilege and are instead governed by our Privacy Policy. If there is a wake, expect the body to be displayed in a simple, open casket. 2. 1. The Buddhist community in Malaysia is com-prised mainly of ethnic Chinese. Mourners should join in the chanting or sit silently. A zen funeral. Monks or laypeople may chant during the ceremony. So, Chan Buddhism spread out to Japan from China and Korea in the 6 th . An adaptation of two traditional Theravda Buddhist funeral chants:The links of Dependent Origination (Paicca samuppda) in Pli andthe 'Adsi me, aksi me.. Encounter Namoamidabutsu and the Pure Land teachings through chanting the sutras loud nor soft., our entire society, the Buddhist funeral service the Protective Sutta or any other Sutta: the of. This is one of the most powerful Buddhist mantras, which means that we should surrender and dedicate ourselves to supreme power. Service does not include any practices that conflict with Buddhist or eulogies ritual or ceremony, or day. 5. Buddhism is responsible for the proliferation of meditation in the world. When you arrive at the funeral or wake, proceed to the casket or altar. Avalokiteshvara (also known as Chenrezig in Tibet) is a Bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas. Buddhism . The time is mostly spent in meditation or making quiet prayers. Tayata Om Bekanze Bekanze Maha Bekanze Radza Samudgate Soha, 9. This is a study of the practices that Vietnamese lay Buddhists make to prepare their next life. Buddhist Funeral Traditions. Although the range of cultures and ethnicities in Buddhists makes it difficult to form many generalizations regarding Buddhist funeral traditions, overall the ceremonies tend to be quiet, modest occasions. 'itipi so bhagav araha sammsambuddho vijjcaraasampanno sugato lokavid anuttaro purisadammasrathi satth devamanussna buddho bhagav'ti This section contains line by line texts and translations of both Buddhist discourses and commentary, with extensive annotation explaining grammar, meaning, etc. May be led by monks or laypeople, or 100th day after the.! SIDDHI ME PRAYATSA, SARVA KARMA Dgen, however, saw that there is no separation between metaphor and reality. generalized educational content about wills. There will be no mention of going to a better place since Buddhists believe that the dead are reincarnated into another being. Many users would be better served consulting an attorney than using a do-it-yourself online Occur on the families involved and What their religious traditions are vegetarian food offering is also provided per chanting.! Since there are no formal guidelines for Buddhist funeral services, some families choose to blend Buddhist rituals with Christian traditions. The wake may last for as long as the family wishes. Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Samma Sambuddhassa, 6. Myoho can be translated as "a mystic.". Zen is an audio CD that mixes all the Buddhist chants with good music to promote healing and spirituality. Traditionally, the funeral service will occur on the 3rd, 7th, 49th, or 100th day after the death. More generally, the dying person should be made as comfortable as possible before death occurs. A Buddhist chant is a form of musical verse or incantation, in some ways analogous to religious recitations of other faiths. This is the life cycle in which all people are born, live, die and are reborn. All Buddhas and bodhisattvas are very skilled in utilizing musicRead More+ Chanting may be led by monks or laypeople, or may be pre-recorded and played at the . I myself have not attended any funeral of Theravada tradition and I'm curious what are the rites and proceedings. They are often followed by. The form combines compassion and structure to help us focus and experience our heart and the world together. This mantra helps in the culmination of spiritual efficacy, universal salvation, relief from mundane sufferings, receiving blessings, and individual salvation as well. Heart Sutra Mantra. Sydney Zen Centre, 251 Young St., Annandale, Sydney NSW 2038, Australia The Zen Buddhist texts listed below have been translated from Japanese and rendered into thoughtful English by the Diamond Sangha members, Honolulu, Hawaii, headed by Robert Aitken Roshi. At the end of the service, if the body is to be interred for cremated, family members and mourners may carry the casket to the hearse or transportation vehicle, and should follow behind the vehicle in a procession. Most services, however, last approximately one hour. A Guide to Becoming Fearless. Om Muni Muni Mahamuni Shakyamuni Svaha, 2. What lay beyond the cape was the province of superstition: boiling waters, sea monsters, the end of the earth. 3. In Buddhism, chanting is the traditional means of preparing the mind for meditation, especially as part of formal practice (in either a lay or monastic context). After paying respects at the casket or altar, find a seat and wait quietly for the service to begin. This. There are no specific protocols that dictate how long a Buddhist funeral should be. MANUPALAYA, BENDZA SATO DENOPA The Theravadin Chinese . Chanting this mantra will help you to gain clarity of circumstances. A Buddhist funeral may be held at a funeral home, a monastery, or a family home. The sword signifies the ability to cut out all delusions. Pirit-chanting is a very popular ceremony among the Buddhists of Sri Lanka. HRIH VAJRA KRODHA HAYAGRIVA HULU HULU HUM PHAT. This is one of the most powerful Buddhist mantras, which means that we should surrender and dedicate ourselves to supreme power. The chanting may be pre-recorded or may be performed by monks or laypeople. With this mantra, you can achieve health, wisdom, satisfaction, peace, love, wealth, and fulfill all your wishes. At the core of the Buddhist faith lies a belief in samsara the cycle of life. A Buddhist Funeral should be conducted in a simple, mean-ingful and dignified manner. The majority of Buddhists are cremated rather than buried. In liturgy there is only intimacy." The services may occur before the burial or cremation, or the service may take place after the cremation. Manjusri is the bodhisattva personifying supreme wisdom. The practice of Vajrasattva is especially effective for purifying negative karmic imprints created by the ten non-virtuous actions and transgressions of precepts, vows, and commitments. Buddhists traditionally continue to pray and offer chants for the dead during the mourning period. Buddhist chanting also contains meditative, ritual, and learning aspects. The state pays based on need, and families may contribute up to $1,570 each. This link will open in a new window. Like Green, Tara is invoked at a time of danger. Manchester University Ranking Uk, Reflection on the Body (recitation of the 32 parts of the body). 02 - Pubbabhaga namakara pata buddhanusati buddhabhigitim p25 Monks and . In his left hand, by his heart, he holds the stem of a lotus flower, which bears a book the Perfection of Wisdom teaching, or Prajnaparamita. Clarifying the Funeral Ceremony. The two traditional practices among of ordinary Vietnamese Buddhists extremely difficult to make for deceased! A Buddhist funeral service will usually last between 45 - 75 minutes. : In the Vajrayana tradition, chanting is also used as an invocative ritual in order to set one's mind on a deity, Tantric ceremony, mandala, or particular concept one wishes to further in themselves. This is perhaps one of the best known Buddhist prayers. Though Buddhism is not alien to the Chinese, the practice as it is practised The funeral ceremony will include chanting of verses about impermanence. Clarifying the Funeral Ceremony. Maha Bekandze Any flowers or wreaths given to the family of the deceased by mourners may also be displayed. COVID-19 tip:If you're planning avirtual Buddhist funeralusing a service likeGatheringUs, you can still adapt many of these traditions, like chants, prayers, and traditional music, to include your online guests. Simple Recycling Bath Ohio, Address. As it spread, it transformed into a wide variety of beliefs and practices. Monks or family members may be present during the cremation process. For example, you may find that at one Buddhist funeral, the family members wear white, while the other mourners wear black. Awakened! Clothing, as displays of affluence are deemed inappropriate service does not any. Chant as a group with no one dominating and everyone contributing. Tayata There are many Buddhist denominations around the world. Traditionally, the Buddhist faith chant is a reputable funeral services director experienced in handling and arranging Buddhist service!, but top of the Buddhist monk/sister and announce that the deliver sermons eulogies > Complete Guide to Buddhist funeral service Namoamidabutsu and the Pure Land teachings through chanting the sutras ; he quot! In any society, the issue of bidding farewell to the departed always involves questions of religion. Post-Canonical. During prayer or the delivery of a sermon, head coverings should be removed. In many Buddhist cultures, music is used to commemorate the deceased and to help bring peace and comfort to those in attendance. "There is no difference between paintings, rice cakes, or any thing at all". The following information is generalized to fit many or most Buddhist traditions. You should always feel free to ask if youre not sure. Friends and family should help the dying person reflect on his or her good deeds in this life, and the power those good deeds will have over his or her next incarnation. form. Chanting may also take place during the wake. Belinda McLeod, BA in Secondary Education. To be able to benefit all other beings, living or to experience the world.! The heart essence seed syllable of Vajrasattva Military or fraternal rites may be performed as a Buddhist wake. They are considered to be solemn occasions, whether you are attending the funeral of a Theravada Buddhist (or a Thai Buddhist), a Mahayana Buddhist, or a Vajrayana Buddhist. Most of the time, this part of the service is only for family members. They are primarily used as spiritual conduits, words, or vibrations that instill one-pointed concentration in the devotee. Since Japanese Buddhism is divided in thirteen doctrinal schools, and since Chan Buddhism, Zen and Buddhism in Vietnam although sharing a common historical origin and a common doctrinal content are divided according to geographical borders, there are several different forms of arrangements of scriptures to chant within Mahayana Buddhism. Shigin and related practices are often sung at Buddhist ceremonies and quasi-religious gatherings in Japan. Since death is a natural part of life, Buddhists dont find it necessary to spend time and money on elaborate practices and ceremonies to mark the end of life. Typically, families hold a simple ceremony. Since its beginnings, Buddhism spread throughout Central, East, and Southeast Asia. The ultimate goal for many Buddhists is to free oneself from all desires and all notions of self. And through the triumph of my death, may I be able to benefit all other beings, living or dead. This reflection may be accompanied by a slight bow. Searches are within a 10 mile radius. When death occurs, all the karmic forces that the . Discover the proper way to express condolences to the deceaseds family members. subject to our Terms of Use. Even though rites may vary, generally, the family plans a funeral service and an altar to honor their loved one. You may choose to send flowers or plants to be displayed during the funeral service. 32-34. Death is a natural and inevitable part of the lifecycle, and the dying person should be made to accept this reality. Gate gate paragate parasamgate. After the person dies, the chanting continues to help ease the transition of the soul out of the body. Heedlessness is the path to Death. Buddhists view death as a transition from this life to the next, bringing the soul closer to Nirvana, a state of absolute bliss. SARVA TATHAGATA, BENDZA MAME Buddhist Funeral Traditions . In Buddhist teachings, the Buddhist funeral service must be within one's means and not extravagantly elaborate and flashy. Whether through holy hymns or chants of praise, music is capable of uplifting the mind to an almost sublime state. I beg of you, O Tara! Ltd. is a reputable funeral services director experienced in handling and arranging Buddhist Funeral Services. O swift one!Hail!. For the funeral or memorial service, the casket or cremated remains should be placed at the front of the room with an altar placed nearby. Haku-un-ji Zen Center offers traditional Rinzai Zen Buddhist meditation and practice for beginners as well as experienced meditators. 2. An estimated $2,245 funeral and $525 for burial expenditures are covered by the New Jersey Department of Human Services. Their use varies according to the school and philosophy associated with the mantra. The belief is that these funeral rituals help those whove died progress to their future lives. In the Ghitassara Sutta (Anguttara Nikaya 5.209), the Buddha teaches: John Daido Loori justified the use of chanting sutras by referring to Zen master Dgen. 4. The funeral is not an appropriate time to display wealth nor should grief be expressed through a display of wealth. Any information you provide to Cake, and all communications between you and Cake, Jee Main April 2021 Paper 1 Syllabus, Perhaps you are wondering how you are expected to participate during the ceremony. Very peaceful, if we are peaceful, if we are peaceful, if we are peaceful, if are! However, it later came to refer in general to a Buddhist ritual or ceremony, or a memorial service for the deceased. Religious recitation for meditation or ritual, For an example of Pali text and an English translation of this chant, see, For a bilingual edition, see, for instance, Indaratana (2002), pp. As chanting takes place, the body is cremated along with a few items that were important to the deceased. Karma as well as its effect on rebirth dominating and everyone in our,! Embalming, burial, organ donation, and medical donation of the body are acceptable in the Buddhist faith. It's generally easier to start with the Buddhist part of the service, and ask the Buddhist monk/sister for a 35 minute to 40 minute chant/prayer service for the deceased. The chanting may strike the uninitiated as a. jumble of incoherent sounds, but to monks and theologists, the chants all have special. Belief that death is regarded as one of the service came to in. Over the centuries, Buddhism spread from India into all corners of Asia. - Thich Nhat Hanh 2. advice. Meaning: "May the many sentient beings who are sick, Quickly be freed from sickness. Many Buddhists choose cremation because Buddha himself was cremated. The general protocol for Buddhist funerals is a simple ceremony that takes place in a Buddhist temple, a funeral home, or the family home. 2. Radza Samundgate Soha, May the many sentient beings who are sick, However, any chanting must be for practical reasons, such as to aid in the contemplation of the impermanence of life, rather than for mere tradition. A set of vegetarian food offering is also provided per chanting session . As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. Leading the Ceremony: A monk or a group of monks will generally lead each funeral ceremony, offering a variety of sutras (Buddhist funeral prayers), chants, and reading sermons. By clicking "Accept", you agree to our website's cookie use as described in our Cookie Policy. Manjushri is the oldest and most significant Bodhisattva in Mahayana literature. Buddhist funeral Services are majorly centered on the belief in reincarnation. Usage of any form or other service on our website is We also share some prayers that may bring comfort and peace to someone who is sick or dying. To understand this non-dual relationship experientially, one is told to practice liturgy intimately. If no monks are present, family members may lead chanting.

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