In other words, the noun classes do not function, diachronically, like the Indo-European declensions; they form dynamic, shifting relationships with one another which have nothing to do with historical phonological changes. In truth, the difference between morphological characters and lexical ones is quantitative rather than qualitative. Go give your heart, and if it break The timeline of Proto-Semitic migration induced by desertification is appealing, and Im sure others have thought of it too. As if we had a reconstructable IE word for Ghoti, @de, AntC More controversially, donkeys, dogs and guinea-fowl may have been associated with this movement, although perhaps not kept as pastoral species. @DLG: In standard Spanish, yes. A deaf person asked him if he has any recommendations for deaf learners, and the guy didnt answer. PIE *VsrV > PGmc *VstrV, Basal is simply not an objective term; it really means nothing more than farthest from the taxon of current interest. The people who brought agriculture to Europe were not from the Fertile Crescent, but from Anatolia before Anatolia got its admixture of Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer/Iranian Neolithic ancestry. well, for lack of an outgroup, the two phylogenetic analyses ever done of it were rooted in the middle, and they only used lexical data. Also in bezobrznyj ugly (image-less). (I dont otherwise participate It partly confirms my version: if the word was coined in Russian by a translator under influence of Polish usage, it must be a Kievan translator. Gray & Atkinson used the cognate sets as characters and presence/absence thereof as the states. At this point, people know to code for borrowings. For me at least. The early Amorites may or may not have been a somewhat heterogeneous group, speaking several closely related but already distinct West Semitic languages; the precise temporal relation between the Amorite language and Ugartic, for example, remains to be teased out. SFReader, I think despite my argument above, its clear that genetically and linguistically, the African Neolithic had many parents. Perusing Wrights grammar, I was surprised to discover that the Windhill Yorkshirese is a guttural language. Erich Neu argued in his seminal Das hethitische Mediopassiv und seine indogermanischen Grundlagen, where he analysed how the r-endings spread during the attested history of Hittite texts and how that pathway differed from those in Italic and Celtic. I told the program that Lojban was the root and let it rip. Blench (1999d). It certainly helps to be familiar with at least one of the languages in question, but even that neednt imply actual residence in the area. Let the software count which phylogenetic hypothesis accounts for all the contradictory data in the most parsimonious way. Phonological innovations cant be used either, because very little in terms of regular sound correspondences has been worked out so far. The associacin de academias de la lengua espaola has a dictionary of americanismos. lexical evidence is the main basis. Maybe ommiting it doesnt affect the other branches? The non-r branches all have *i instead, and thats the hic et nunc particle that is the most common locative ending. When some people in your ethnic confederation, like the Khazar Khaganate or the Siberian Khanate, say kala, and some say balk, thats a kalabalik (kalabaliikki). As mentioned, several of the traits in the Mesoamerican linguistic area do have the same boundary, though many other traits do not, and typically in other linguistic areas the various areal traits do not share the same geographical boundaries, offering no clearly identifiable outer border of the linguistic areas in question. Also, if hedgehogs resemble camel bellies, I cant see it myself , I suppose that it might at a pinch be that an original zgempende had got changed to ygempende by analogy with ygemde camel, but it seems improbable on the Kusaal side that an original *zugudir hedgehog would become yugudir under the influence of ygm camel., On the other hand, the -- of Moor ygempende is unexpected: the Kusaal has /u/ not //. To the contrary, phytoplankton tends to be more abundant in higher latitudes, because the colder water is, the more dissolved oxygen it can hold. No; all the languages (at least all of those for which I have seen good enough descriptions to say) have productive ways of creating deverbal nouns of various kinds, but there doesnt seem to be much in the way of fossils. Or at least the first that has a name. It is the cats who have domesticated us. Your email address will not be published. Is the NES relationship twice as old as PIE? How much less amateur cognacy judgments. A lot of the talk about genetic relationships among African languages gives a seriously misleading idea of how close the relevant languages actually are, and how much genuine rigorous comparative work there has been. The orders NounPostposition, VerbAuxiliary, Relative ClauseHead Noun, and AdjectiveNoun are all correlated and thus they tend to co-occur with SOV order cross-linguistically (see Word Order). Colloquially youd just hear guppy, I guess. Wikipedia defines it as a coastal, supratidal mudflat or sandflat in which evaporite-saline minerals accumulate as the result of semiarid to arid climate, but in Arabic it is a salt flat that is not necessarily supratidal. As far as I know, the new & flashy hypothesis that Semitic originated where East & West Semitic met in historical times is textbook wisdom. Im not sure that this is creative in the sense that you mean, but the vague-ish meanings associated with the various classes are often exploited for derivational purposes; given that the class suffixes are flexions, I suppose that technically this is a kind of null derivation, though the term doesnt seem very apt. What am I missing, and what are you? Sea fishing is specialized work producing food for (mostly, originally) the local market. For Western Oti-Volta, the idea of substrata would make a lot of sense on first principles; it seems very likely that the current geographical range of these languages is a development of the last few centuries. Theres one innovation that may track some part of the general southward migration: fortis plosives are aspirated, at least word-initially, in all of North Germanic, and in West Germanic both north and south of an aspiration-free belt that covers the Netherlands and extends all the way east across Germany. Contact!!! Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, Khoisan, Indo-European. There is little in the way of plausible lexical matches (but there are some: its a bit like the situation with Uralic and Indo-European. ), Im fairly sure that a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the currently spoken Germanic languages based on Swadesh lists would show that English was basal.. Blench hopes to find evidence for Niger-KongoNilo-Saharan common roots. Why go riskily digging your biomass from the deep ocean if it comes to the coasts by itself already? I like to think well of Blench. I think to understand the growth of NS and NC, we have to consider whether there were similar new forces at play earlier than we are aware of. Figure1. Digital Dictionaries of South Asia auch awwal neferayn baythallu biar bayst in the old days two men would buy [a days] fish for ten baysa; ferner in Bahrayn hl dried fsh (HOL-2), der noch REI 94 hle Suppe = (fish) soup dazu anfhrt. (colloquial) unmannerly, uncivilized, or antisocial person, dziki wild, untamed. Movies listed by language at IMDB Basal lineages in many cases really havent changed all that much in eons. Its a hen. Unfortunaletly they do not describe the archaeological context. And their method is incapable of discovering any.). In addition to languages spoken today, Afroasiatic includes several important ancient languages, such as Ancient Egyptian, which forms a distinct branch of the family, and within the Semitic family, Akkadian, Biblical Hebrew and Old Aramaic. Etymologically the u is long, so an actual Modern English cognate might have become ourox. And the separate question of whether these forms go with the vos or t pronoun. The Amorites and their congeners would appear to have followed as far as Syria before 2500 B.C. Meanwhile a scenario The tone correspondence Gurma L = WOV H is regular, if somewhat puzzling. Even the mummy DNA from 4 years ago turns out be less satisfying than its hype, since it boils down to 3 samples, all from Abusir across several centuries, though their relative consistency is interesting. They were not introduced to resolve existing problems in historical linguistics. (a self-pirated version is somewhere on the Internet. No-sword Similarly, in morphology, across languages children proceed from nonalternation between forms to immature strategies for initial markings of grammatical categories, thence to creative errors of over-regularization, until eventually the system becomes fully constrained by lexical convention. These typically take the form of isolated lexical items or unanalyzed strings of words, starting around the end of the first year of life. They just werent about IE and didnt get into Nature. Where were the referees? In both cases there are numerous sg/pl affix pairings which can be securely reconstructed to the respecting protolanguages: but the striking thing when you look at them without any preconceptions is that the great majority dont match. I didnt know Piotrs etymology and it surprised me and I shared it. General language development thus proceeds across different phases, from pregrammatical to structure-dependent to appropriate use. Person-gender-number marking from Proto-Khoe-Kwadi to its descendents: a rejoinder with particular reference to language contact. And this second paper in turn relies on data from UAE and somewhat incomple data from from pollen samples from a sabkha in Tayma oasis (not supratidal, of course: 839 meters above the sea level). Textbooks are not a good guide in this area. I looked for reconstructions of the protolanguage, that kind of thing. With the statement you quote there, I am in total agreement. This is hardly limited to Latin American Spanish: Era un marinero de los buenos, saba nadar como un pescado, sealaban al acordarse del fallecido. If you trust the grammars, the Chilean case is supposed to be the same, and its only the distinctive phonology that causes it to be realised as [al(a)i(h)] (habli, habl). Not by much. The Hague and Paris; Mouton. Epigrues And I dont think his mud forms support it (even if he can explain the vowel changes.). Gray & Atkinson come from the molecular side (and it shows), but linguistic datasets are more like morphological ones in that the characters and their states have to be defined, unlike in molecular datasets where the states are observed facts (the bases or the amino acids) and the only hypothesis involved in defining the characters is the alignment (i.e. Yes, its the only language, unless you count Samaritan Hebrew as a different language, but thats a very long shot. He seems to be on the forefront of this, in Africa and in NE India. It is just the first version, but I do not think he was interested in IE studies. We have early records of the Amorites because they came into contact with the Sumerians in the third millennium B.C.E. that didnt look like any kind of Egyptian name for me, so I looked it up. Now the verbal system, thats more of a challenge worthy of a Starostin ), Are Kehf and Kelif cognates, or different terms that both happen to be applied to this site, because these arent typos. In order to differentiate the Kiswahili-Bantu language In Greek, the earliest attestations seem to come from scholia, but figuring out when they actually date to is beyond me right now. Rodger C: The ideal grazing land is about the same as the ideal wheatland, and ND is today one of the worlds great wheatgrowing areas. Ive looked. (In good faith, certainly.) En la playa hubo muchos peces muertos There were many dead fish on the beach. Compare Stachelschwein, porcupine, literally sting pig. Manessy classified Waama and Byali as both Eastern Oti-Volta but the grouping is very much more diverse internally than WOV. list leaf, listy (a specific register when applied to leaves on a tree, usually applied to paper and then sounds serious) leaves, listva foliage, listya (the most common plural for leaves on a tree but morphologically not quite plural) listik/listok/listochek a leaf listiki, listki, listochki (unserious when applied to paper). ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. @John Cowan: Somethings missing between bosque and < Old Occ barriga belly. If you find the same language in distant countries, you may be sure that the inhabitants of each have been the same people; that is to say, if you find the languages are a good deal the same; for a word here and there the same will not do. No, I have no idea why it isnt uras as would be expected. As for Nilo-Saharan, earlier this month I managed to present something making the case for Songhay and Saharan being related, Is it available anywhere? The problem is, you have no idea how that sausage is made. I extend my apologies. tg baobab, tog baobab fruit; duan dawadawa, dng dawadawa fruit., And ethnonyms make regularly make place names and language names this way: Ksaas Kusaasi people, Ksaal Kusaal language, Ksag Kusaasiland; Ms Mossi people, Ml Moor language, Mg Mossi kingdom.. Wiesbaden: Reichert], I cant find it. @LH, so apparently you think that without morphology a genetic relationship cant be established. Derek Elderkin. Wiktionary also has (mtsya) 1. ), Anyway mainly popping in to note that if this is the Chez Hat African Macrofamilies thread by now, Id be interested in hearing what David E or others might have to say on Pozdniakovs recent paper on classifying Atlantic; comes out firmly on side of no unified Atlantic, but also still forming the western branches of Atlantic-Congo. Any cat, however, who jumps on my lap finds herself instantly on the floor, so I at least dont get bitten. Understanding Meroitic would give us something like Latin or Sanskrit. An odd thing about Swadesh lists (and broader lexical comparison) in Oti-Volta is that there is very noticeably more agreement among nouns than verbs. Its not just Latin and Berber we have to play with here: the words also found in Greek (kattos/katta), Arabic (qitt), Syriac (qatt/qattu), not to mention Nubian, Celtic, and Germanic Plenty of space for specialists in each family to decide its origin is someone elses problem. (Even the most lexically-divergent pair of Oti-Volta languages* show comfortably more than 50% of clearcut matches on the Swadesh 100 list, the noun class systems are very obviously of a common origin, and the outlines, at least of the phonology of the protolanguage are fairly clear, though much remains to be done. Yet a different Semitic writing tradition would descend from the Proto-Canaanite script. That should, strictly speaking, be Afro-Angelic, of course. Who viewed me in a thoughtful way, Why is there not simply a mosaic of languages that are more discontinuous with each other, whose affinities are at a vast depth of time? Probably. Welsh is quite fond of making singulatives out of plurals, which then oust the original singular form, as with llygoden mouse = Old Irish luch (accusative lochaid), via the perfectly-to-be-expected regular plural form llygod. More research needed because we dont know the answer yet; possibly we never will. Lexicon is more chaotic, any grammatical subsystem is still a system and it can collapse as a system. fish. Here, we generated 137 high-coverage physically phased genome sequences from eight Middle Eastern populations using linked-read sequencing. In principle we could have done that. My conlang Kebreni has the infix -su-for made of X: siva sand sisuva sandy. Rilly refers to his 2008 paper as having proved the affinity: https://www.academia.edu/39353995/The_Linguistic_Position_of_Meroitic. Basic word order emerges very early indeed, first between phrasal constituents, only later within phrases. Along those lines, Claude Rilly seems to be doing some good work in settling the question of whether Meroitic was Afroasiatic or Nilo-Saharan (for sake of argument. The Biblical Mind: Elevating Biblical Thinking. Brett, good call. I remember, after communicating with Russian Tolkien fans, I was able to recognize them on Internet forums in subsequent decades by their manner of speaking (writing), and it was by no means about individual words (usually when people study slang, they treat it as a bag of words:)). I am not convinced. Note that the author isnt simply on a quest to prove Greenberg right. (Russian dictionary search) Ozwords (a blog from the Australian National Dictionary Centre) More realistically, if it ever becomes possible to take a train (or more likely a sequence of trains, with transfers) between Spain and Latin America, this will probably go through Yakutia (I almost wrote Yakutsk, but IIRC the most likely placement of the line leaves Yakutsk proper slightly to the side). In fact, in some instances, like derived nominals or the high-register Latinate lexicon of English, children will master derivational processes only well into school age. as if representing an virtual original Indo-Iranian *mad-sya- or the like. I think all hatters see where I am going with this? Note In all likelihood, nominal cases originally existed in Meroitic just as they exist in modern NES languages and Meroitic verbal morphology is still mostly unknown and assumptions in this matter remain highly speculative. He gives only a couple of forms proposed to be cognate with other NES languages. Anyway, grammar is not quite the same as lexicon. I didnt believe in Nilo-Saharan at that time any more than I do now; the possibility that I was interested in is that maybe Songhay-Saharan was a valid family. American Heritage Dictionary Indo-European Roots Appendix In other words: n&5/V/UHSNP\.\Xo 1>xv.EIskUoY0H]jDsG*h$ &5[5<8- The native word icne salmon in middle Irish is sometimes used as a generic fish word (also has Xeribs suffix). The Migration Period vandalized the West Germanic tree pretty thoroughly. A Piagetian orientation will explain them in terms of general cognitive principles and shared conceptual underpinnings which provide a universal epistemological basis for acquisition of linguistic knowledge (Slobin 1985). The Bantu Recently I thought about -er. But Ill leave it as potentially inspiring new conversation even though its an assertion I cant support. Poletika was hm. *Russian verb whose agent noun is nomad. A ready-made table is just what people who come from another field are most likely to think they understand well enough to use. Linguistically, Egypt seems more parsimonious as a starting point. There seems to be no doubt at all, nevertheless, that Goemai is Chadic. The latter are the weaker. Your thesis seems to be essentially that a basically valid methodology has been skunked (in the opinion of mainstream historical linguists,at least) by extremely poor implementation. His review of IE-minus-Anatolian, here (contains a brief review of Anatolian innovations, pp9-13). >Do we actually have enough evidence to say that the Natufians went from the Levant into Egypt, rather than from Egypt into the Levant? You might find the frozen rabbit alongside frozen whole squid, rattlesnake, or maybe even goosebut not more conventional poultry like chicken or turkey (or probably even duck). It argues that a certain feminine noun suffix is common in form and distribution between (Proto-) Semitic and (Proto-) Berber, and concludes. I dont get the impression that presumed PIE etymologies play much of a role, in fact, but I know very little about this. Also, lack of change in body shape is a surprisingly poor predictor of lack of molecular change. *not sure if English speakers do it, consider it my martian accent. I agree with you (and Starostin) that lexicostatistics cant provide dates either in principle or in practice; I think it can help with establishing internal family relationships, but only if you take it with a large grain of salt.

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