Then she hated me for all [of her] life.. Although all actual sex scenes show the characters at least mostly clothed, the camera does not shy away from full frontal female nudity in other scenes. 'Last Tango in Paris' Director Responds to Backlash Over Butter Rape Scene, 'I Think That's Wrong': Jessica Chastain Explains Her 'Sick' 'Last Tango in Paris' Tweet, La Seydoux Says Intimacy Coordinator Wouldn't Have Helped Conditions on 'Insane' 'Blue' Set, Helen Mirren's Extraordinary Life and Career in Photos, 'Last Tango in Paris' Star Maria Schneider Dies, Oscars Host Amy Schumer Says She's 'Triggered' and 'Traumatized' Following Slapping Incident, Sandra Bullock, Jared Leto and More People Who Have Won Razzies and Oscars, Behind Will Smith's Oscars Outburst: 'He Has Lots of Emotional Baggage,' 'Certain Things Set Him Off', Neve Campbell Says She's Been 'Approached' for 'Scream 6' : 'I'll Read the Script and See How I Feel', Halyna Hutchins' Friends React to Her Death on Alec Baldwin's 'Rust' Set: 'She Had a Cowgirl Spirit', How a Macho Italian Communist Who Hated Pop Culture Became the Man Who Swept the Oscars. Praised by critics as high art and considered controversial by some because of its infamous X rating, the 1972 film, helmed by famed Italian director Bernardo Bertolucci, is best remembered for an explicit rape scene. The storytelling style is problematic, but when it comes to musical and visual style, this film is incredibly beautiful, and that's fairly endearing, holding some degree of your investment, until Bernardo Bertolucci, as director, secures it, upon finding realization in his thoughtfulness by not getting too caught up in artistic meandering, and by finding material amidst his celebration of the tasteful style in order to draw you in, with resonance that brings life to the potential of worthy subject matter, at least at times. Last Tango, Then Paris is the 22nd episode of the third season and the 65th overall. The film score was composed by Gato Barbieri, arranged and conducted by Oliver Nelson, and the soundtrack album was released on the United Artists label. She achieved popularity in the 1960s with the release of her hit single "As Tears Go By" and became one of the lead female artists during the British Invasion in the United States.Born in Hampstead, London, Faithfull began her career in 1964 after attending a Rolling Stones party, where she was . The girl is young, conscious of her beauty and the developing powers of her body, and is going to marry a young and fairly inane filmmaker. Estilo y narrativa., 1.88 MB, 01:22, 761,664, HoliNat, 2014-02-04T16:52:58.000000Z, 19, Last Tango in Paris - Paris'te Son Tango Altyazl izle, unutulmazfilmler2.com, 600 x 900, jpeg, WebUltimo tango a Parigi, Last Tango in Paris / Frana, Itlia / 1972 Drama, Romance / 136 min Directed by Bernardo Bertolucci 05 Dec 2016 . Later, a bomb threat temporarily halted the showing. Bertolucci said that he and Brando "decided not to say anything to Maria to get a more realistic response". Wandering through the empty rooms, which are smaller than you remember them, you recall a time when you felt the whole world was right there in your reach, and all you had to do was take it. "Bertolucci Talks about Sex, Revolution, and 'Last Tango'. The events that take place in the everyday world are remote to Paul, whose attention is absorbed by the gradual breaking of his heart. "[9] In 2007, Schneider recounted feelings of sexual humiliation pertaining to the rape scene: They only told me about it before we had to film the scene and I was so angry. What began, on the man's part, as totally depersonalized sex develops into a deeper relationship almost to spite him. But, somehow, I don't think I will have to. The movie breakthrough has finally come. Vittorio Storaro's slow tracking shots in the apartment, across walls and the landscapes of bodies, are cold and remote; there is no attempt to heighten the emotions. [57], Ethan Hawke considered Brando's work a seminal moment in the movement of performance. Edit Details Paul, a middle-aged American hotel owner mourning the suicide of his wife Rosa, meets a young, engaged Parisian woman named Jeanne at an apartment that both are interested in renting. The novelization is taken from the script by Bertolucci and Franco Arcalli, and it is at least commendably brief. Jokes on you, obnoxious dude, because this film already is ris-kay, perhaps even taboo, not so much because it's about anonymous, periodic sex, but because it sees an Italian celebrating Paris. The film generated considerable controversy because of its subject and graphic portrayal of sex. They are shown only from the side. My personal and artistic life will never be the same. We are ask to justify Brando's first wild approach to Schnaider was an irrational reaction to the pain, the anger and confusion by his wife death. But Paul knows, and so does Bertolucci; only an idiot would criticize this movie because the girl is so often naked but Paul never is. I felt humiliated and, to be honest, I felt a little raped, both by Marlon and Bertolucci, she said in a 2007 Daily Mail interview. Last Tango in Paris director Bernardo Bertolucci has confessed that he and Marlon Brando conspired against actress Maria Schneider during a rape scene in which the actor used a stick of butter as lubricant. Praising both the star and the director of the film, Hawke told Richard Linklater and Louis Black that, "Brando upped [On the Waterfront] with Last Tango. The loss of anonymity disillusions Jeanne about their relationship. But still Brando finds a way to redeem them, carefully remembering to park his gum before the most important moment of his life. Thankfully, there was just one take. The simulated rape is shown with the man remaining fully clothed throughout. Sex is one of them, but only if it is debased and depraved -- because he is so filled with guilt and self-hate that he chooses these most intimate of activities to hurt himself beyond all possibilities of mere thoughts and words. The director admits that he and Brando planned to film the rape scene without telling Schneider the full details of it. She died on February 3, 2011 in Paris. Shall I write as I remember the experience or shall I watch it again? Id been, in a way, horrible to Maria, because I didnt tell her what was going on, he said, because I wanted her reaction as a girl, not as an actress., I wanted her to react humiliated, Bertolucci said. And finally look at the end and tell me if doesn't make much more sense if she was a he. Menu. If they are a man and a girl above the age of consent why the charade of secrecy? "[52] In Women and Their Sexuality in the New Film, (1974) one of the first explicitly feminist books on film, Joan Mellen complains about a similar issue, that Jeanne constantly gives way to Paul, "the man who is made more interesting in every way. Bertolucci also shot a scene which showed Brando's genitals, but in 1973 explained, "I had so identified myself with Brando that I cut it out of shame for myself. Just leave us a message here and we will work on getting you verified. Tap "Sign me up" below to receive our weekly newsletter One of the several things this movie is about is how one person, who may be uncommitted and indifferent, nevertheless can at a certain moment become of great importance to another. [46][47] According to Schneider, the scene was not in the original script, but was Brando's idea. with updates on movies, TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes podcast and more. Much more. The look, feel and sound of the film are evocative. Paul in "Last Tango in Paris" has no difficulty in achieving an erection, but the gravest difficulty in achieving a life-affirming reason for one. She also said of Bertolucci, "He's quite clever and more free and very young. (The entire disturbing scene is available on YouTube, but were not going to link to it.). By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you're agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. Collins English for Exams. I wanted Paul to be like the figures that obsessively return in Bacon: faces eaten by something coming from the inside. ", "After Banning 1,092 Movies, Chile Relaxes Its Censorship", "Aps 7 anos proibido, censura liberou 'ltimo Tango em Paris', "Bertolucci revisited: Another tango with the master of taboo", "The Exorcist on Film Classification Database", "Bernardo Bertolucci, cronista de la soledad del hombre moderno", "A la sombra de las sombras de Grey - Csar Miguel Rondn", "The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Tango_in_Paris&oldid=1128170436, CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br), Articles containing Italian-language text, Album articles lacking alt text for covers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Luce Marquand as Olympia, Jeanne's former childhood nurse, Peter Schommer as the TV assistant cameraman, Marie-Hlne Breillat as Monique, a dressmaker, Armand Abplanalp as the prostitute's client, Ramn Mendizbal as the Tango orchestra leader, Mimi Pinson as the President of Tango jury, Grard Lepennec as the tall furniture mover, Stphane Koziak as the short furniture mover, "Girl in Black - Tango (Para mi Negra)" 2:06, "Last Tango in Paris - Jazz Waltz" 5:44. "[50] United Artists reprinted the whole of Kael's rave as a double-page advertisement in the Sunday New York Times. The sex is joyless and efficient, and beside the point: Whatever the reasons these two people have for what they do with one another, sensual pleasure is not one of them. To obtain something I think you have to be completely free, Bertolucci said. Dana Stevens's appraisal of Chris Pine's career thus far - which includes a solid argument for why he's this generation's Robert Redford - is well worth a read. Schneider provided frank interviews in the wake of Tango's controversy, claiming she had slept with 50 men and 70 women, that she was "bisexual completely", and that she had used heroin, cocaine, and marijuana. Thankfully, there was just one take., I was so young and relatively inexperienced and I didnt understand all of the films sexual content, she continued. Marlon Brando and Maria Schneider in Last Tango in Paris, 1972. [73], In Canada, the film was banned by the Nova Scotia Board of Censors, leading to the landmark 1978 Supreme Court of Canada split decision in Nova Scotia (Board of Censors) v McNeil, which upheld the provinces' right to censor films. I'm thinking of "Last Tango in Paris" today because Neznaia, a kind IMDb user, asked me to write about it and I promised I would. In its day, Last Tango in Paris was controversial for its graphic depiction of sex, and was rated X in the United States. Director Bernardo Bertolucci admitted in an interview at La Cinmathque Franaise in Paris in 2013 that he and Brando came up with the idea for using butter as a lubricant for the rape scene that day but chose not to tell Schneider about that element before shooting it. And Jeanne (Schneider) responds to the authenticity of his emotion, however painful, because it is an antidote to the prattle of her insipid boyfriend and bourgeoise mother. After starting an anonymous sexual relationship earlier in the film, Paul (Marlon Brando) uses butter as a lubricant to sodomize Jeanne (Maria Schneider). It was later adapted as a novel by Robert Alley. This is a movie people will be arguing about for as long as there are movies. I think she hated me and also Marlon because we didnt tell her.. The film was directed by Bertolucci with cinematography by Vittorio Storaro. I didnt want Maria to act her humiliation her rage, I wanted her to Maria to feel, not to act, the rage and humiliation. But critics and Hollywood at-large praised the movie, depicting it as an. Why she's never really dressed like a girl, always jackets and open neck shirts and why they never make love like a man and a woman, usually, do? And with the exception of a few isolated films like "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" (1988) and "In the Realm of the Senses" (1976), the serious use of graphic sexuality all but disappeared from the screen. Last Tango in Paris, Tango Poster, Tango Wall Art, Tango Canvas Decor, Bella Paris, Romantic French Art, Dance Canvas Decor, Eiffel Tower ModernCanvasGA (28) $13.50 $27.00 (50% off) FREE shipping Last Tango In Paris - Paperback Book - Marlon Brando - Movie Tie In - Robert Alley - 1973 LevelLander (2,704) $18.00 FREE shipping As news of the action resurfaced, many reacted on social media about the controversy including actress. Paul: Even if a husband lives two hundred fucking years, he'll never discover his wife's true nature. Obviously their "relationship," if that's what it is, cannot exist outside these walls, in the light of the real world. That's why the best of Brando is when he's closest to himself, as in Bernardo Bertolucci's Last Tango in Paris, from 1972. Bernardo Bertolucci's graphic and harrowing account of sexual obsession, grief, psychic breakdown, and murder p .more Get A Copy Amazon Stores Libraries Paperback, 96 pages Published July 1st 1998 by British Film Institute More Details. Storaro later told a reporter that, after The Conformist I had a moment of crisis; I was asking myself: what can come after azure?I did not have the slightest idea that an orange film could be born. Regal What happens to Paul at the end must seem, in some fundamental way, ridiculous. It is said in some quarters that the sex in the movie is debasing to the girl, but I don't think it is. [55] American director Robert Altman expressed unqualified praise: "I walked out of the screening and said to myself, 'How dare I make another film?' [44] The New York City chapter of the National Organization for Women denounced the film as a tool of "male domination". The scene in the tango hall is still haunting, still part of the whole movement of the third act of the film, in which Paul, having created a searing moment out of time, now throws it away in drunken banality. Selma director Ava DuVernay also weighed in. Jeanne's marriage is a week or two away, and will supply the conclusion for a film being made by her half-witted fiancee. [22] Schneider said Brando sent her flowers after they first met, and "from then on he was like a daddy". Captain America himself Chris Evans also weighed in, saying that he felt rage over the incident. "[54], The American critic Roger Ebert repeatedly described Kaels review as "the most famous movie review ever published", and he added the film to his "Great Movies" collection. And nobody can force someone to do something not in the script. The image is an example of a ticket confirmation email that AMC sent you when you purchased your ticket. Who else can act so brutally and imply such vulnerability and need? [9] Other critics focused on when the character Paul asks Jeanne to insert her fingers in his anus, then asks her to prove her devotion to him by, among other things, having sex with a pig. Kael's review of Last Tango in Paris is regarded as the most influential piece of her career. The first time I saw the film there was the shock of its daring. See production, box office & company info, 1 Rue de l'Alboni, Passy, Paris 16, Paris, France. The film drags its feet something awful, no matter which version you see, and to make the pacing all the more glacial, Bertolucci's direction carries a certain intense thoughtfulness and slow-burn clip that, when backed by all of the aimless dragging, and by the pseudo-artistic meditations on nothing but naturalism, dull things down, often into all-out tedium. [34] Following that, it was released in the United States, Great Britain, and other venues. Richard Roud. Hollywood made a quick U-turn into movies about teenagers, technology, action heroes and special effects. To show him naked would have been like showing me naked. Your AMC Ticket Confirmation# can be found in your order confirmation email. The movie begins when Jeanne, who is about to be married, goes apartment-hunting and finds Paul in one of the apartments. TIFF Blog: Why Toronto Is Hot, Roger Ebert, "He said, 'I ate the last mango in Paris, took the last plane out of Saigon, took the first fast boat to China, and, Jimmy, there's still so much to be done.'" Then she hated me for all of her life.. Bertolucci was served with a four-month suspended sentence in prison and had his civil rights revoked for five years, depriving him of voting rights.[38]. Well yes, but he is a man, she is a woman, they may be braking a few rules but the basics remain intact, unless, of course she wasn't a she. "[13][14], In September 2013, Bertolucci spoke again about the scene at a retrospective at the Cinmathque Franaise, claiming that the scene was in the script but the use of butter was not. A breaking of rules in the most intimate way. Last Tango in Paris (Podcast Episode 2021) Parents Guide and Certifications from around the world. The story behind the production of the controversial Bernardo Bertolucci drama Last Tango in Paris, which starred Marlon Brando and Maria Schneider, is to become a TV series, it has been announced . When they get to the tango scene Brando dances with a real woman while Maria Schnaider monkeys around them. Didn't you realize what you were doing?" Everything catches up to you in the end and when it does, it usually kicks your ass. She doesn't know his name, or anything about him, but when he has sex with her it is certainly real; there is a life in that empty room that her fiance, with all of his cinema verite, is probably incapable of imagining. She tells Paul she does not want to see him again. Bernardo Bertolucci's "Last Tango in Paris" is one of the great emotional experiences of our time. "[26], As was his practice in previous films, Brando refused to memorize his lines for many of the scenes. The music by Gato Barbieri is sometimes counterpoint, sometimes lament, but it is never simply used to tell us how to feel. [22] Time wrote, Any moviegoers who are not shocked, titillated, disgusted, fascinated, delighted or angered by this early scene in Bernardo Bertolucci's new movie, Last Tango in Paris, should be patient. [66][70] and Venezuela. We learn about them. the Terms and Policies, and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes. This movie was the banner for a revolution that never happened. Either way, the drama is underwhelming as artistically and structurally misguided, and yet, what it does right proves to be engrossing, whether it be complimenting dramatic value to a certain extent, or establishing outstanding aesthetic value. Some ignore it; some try to avoid it through temporary distractions; some are lucky enough to have the inner resources for a successful journey. The jawdropping surrealista and sometimes involuntary hilarious dialog bring much more genius status to this piece. A couple have a long conversation while the woman is fully nude. Despite this, she tells him that she tries to leave him, but can't bring herself to do it. On the basis of this movie, indeed, it's impossible to really say whether she can act or not. The banality of her "real" life has thus set her up for the urgency of the completely artificial experience that has been commanded for her by Paul. In my notes I wrote: "He is in scenes as an actor, she is in scenes as a thing." [42] The media frenzy surrounding the film generated intense popular interest as well as moral condemnation, and the film was featured in cover stories in both Time and Newsweek[22] magazines. : Ultimo tango a Parigi : Last Tango in Paris 1972 [ ] 1970 4 The "butter scene" had not yet been cheapened in a million jokes, and Brando's anguished monologue over the dead body of his wife -- perhaps the best acting he has ever done -- had not been analyzed into pieces. Paul staggers out onto the balcony, mortally wounded, and collapses. Fri 18 Nov 2022 00.30 EST. [26], Cinematographer Vittorio Storaro had previously worked with Bertolucci on The Conformist and often used an azure hue in the film. During his long monologue over the body of his wife, for example, Brando's dramatic lifting of his eyes upward is not spontaneous dramatic acting but a search for his next cue card. What is the movie about? This 10-digit number is your confirmation number. Because of that I give a higher note. Because I wanted her reaction as a girl, not as an actress., I wanted her to react humiliated, he added. [33] To circumvent Spanish state censorship, thousands of Spaniards travelled hundreds of kilometers to reach French cinemas in Biarritz and Perpignan where Tango was playing. I was too young. That's what the sex is about in this film (and in "Cries and Whispers"). "[60] Premiere had named Brando's performance the 27th-greatest film performance of all time in April 2006.[61]. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. "[35], During the publicity for the film's release, Bertolucci said Schneider developed an "Oedipal [sic] fixation with Brando". [75], 1972 film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. Still haunting, still disturbing, Last Tango in Paris is marked by the confluence of legends who made it: the stealthy tracking shots of Vittorio Storaro, the raw torment of Marlon Brando's performance, and the directorial brilliance of Bernardo Bertolucci. Your culture and entertainment cheat-sheet. Scriptwriter Franco Arcalli, producer Alberto Grimaldi, director Bernardo Bertolucci, and Marlon Brando were each given suspended sentences of two months imprisonment. [22] Like Schneider, Brando confirmed that the sex was simulated. Stay up-to-date on all the latest Rotten Tomatoes news! To go against what you have come to accept as your own nature. Edwards, D., Eyries, P., Watts, R., Neely, T. & Callahan, M., Gussow, Mel. In a 1974 review in Jump Cut, E. Ann Kaplan criticized it for featuring "a one-sided relationship seen mostly through Paul's eyes. After the scene, Marlon didnt console me or [apologize]. Butter, that was the key word that pushed crowds to line up outside the theaters all over the world. Bertolucci said: I was thinking that it was like a dialogue where he was really answering my questions in a way. Instead, he wrote his lines on cue cards and posted them around the set, leaving Bertolucci with the problem of keeping them out of the picture frame. There is more to come. The ending will undoubtedly linger in your mind long after the movie ends, and perfectly concludes such a controversial but artistic movie. He talks, he observes, he states things. Faced with a passage across that land, men make various kinds of accommodations. Suspenseful jazz, melancholy orchestration, and actual tangos fit the film's air of erotic longing, melancholy despair, and doomed fate". He comes back to the hotel and confronts his wife's dead body, laid out in a casket, and he speaks to her with words of absolute hatred -- words which, as he says them, become one of the most moving speeches of love I can imagine. Last Tango in Paris (Italian: Ultimo tango a Parigi) is a 1972 Italian-French erotic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci which portrays a recently widowed The Dreamers Review . What is the streaming release date of Last Tango in Paris (1972) in Canada? Older than me. In a recently surfaced video, Bertolucci indicates the film is even more disturbing than previously thought. He is making a movie of their life together; a camera crew follows them around as he talks to her and kisses her -- for herself or for the movie, she wonders. In this slow-burn, largely quietly naturalist drama, Gato Barbieri's score is unevenly used, and when it is brought to prominence, it sure is worth waiting for, as it, with light modern classicism and a couple of creative jazzy parts, compliments the subtle artistic integrity of this drama through a unique and often mesmerizing beauty. He allows himself bursts of anger and that remarkable outpouring of grief, and then at the end he is wonderful in the way he lets all of the air out of Paul's character by turning commonplace with the speech where he says he likes her. For more resources, visit the National Sexual Violence Resource Centers website. I should have called my agent or had my lawyer come to the set because you can't force someone to do something that isn't in the script, but at the time, I didn't know that. I'm surprised he didn't end up evolving to that point by the end of principal photography, because the rough cut, alone, was absurdly sprawling, although Burtolucci was wise enough to recognize that this story doesn't have the scope of something like "1900", so instead of making this drama about a middle-aged widower bumping uglies with a hot Frenchwoman over five hours long, he only made it over four hours long. Contents 1 Overview 2 Production 2.1 Concept and writing 2.2 Characters and casting 2.3 Filming 3 Episodes 3.1 Series 1 (2012) 3.2 Series 2 (2013) 3.3 Series 3 (2014-2015) Her U.S. film career dissipated after the movies release though she continued working steadily in France. There is a lot of sex in this film -- more, probably, than in any other legitimate feature film ever made -- but the sex isn't the point, it's only the medium of exchange. Please click the link below to receive your verification email. Paul rapes her, if rape is not too strong a word to describe an act so casually accepted by the girl. Ce POWERED BY COBUILD www.frenglish.ru. In 1972 For Sexuality, Nudity and Language, There's Something Wrong with the Children, 14th Annual African American Film Critics Association Awards Recipients Revealed, Child of Graceland: Lisa Marie Presley (1968-2023), FOXs Accused Is An Emotionally Manipulative Void. I think she hated me and also Marlon because we didnt tell her.. It received a VHS release by Warner Home Video with the same classification on 1 January 1987, forbidding sale or hire to anyone under the age of 18. For its original UK cinema release the BBFC suggested cuts to dialogue during the scissors scene and a heavy reduction of the infamous sodomy scene, though the former was rescinded when it was decided that the cuts would be difficult to make without ruining the scene. As he weeps, as he attempts to remove her cosmetic death mask ("Look at you! Verified reviews are considered more trustworthy by fellow moviegoers. There are two stories, one of which is in the past and the other in the present, but for a while the time perspective is left vague. "A celebration of 500 years of British Art". Last Tango in Paris Play track Love this track More actions Listeners 161.6K Scrobbles 658.2K Join others and track this song Scrobble, find and rediscover music with a Last.fm account Sign Up to Last.fm Length 4:33 Lyrics Add lyrics on Musixmatch Do you know any background info about this track? [17] Brando refused to speak to Bertolucci for 15 years after the production was completed. Edit. It is also the season finale. She's almost a bystander, a witness at the scene of the accident. A young Parisian woman meets a middle-aged American businessman who demands their clandestine relationship be based only on sex. The sex scenes are always shot so that the entire bodies are in view. Why does she agree? That's to say that no amount of analysis can extract from either film a rational message. The film's raw portrayal of sexual violence and emotional turmoil led to international controversy and drew various levels of government censorship in different jurisdictions. After the movie, we really didnt see each other because she was hating me, Bertolucci said. Still, inevitably, the man and the girl do begin to learn about each other. Be the first to add a certification; [43] Columnist William F. Buckley and ABC's Harry Reasoner denounced the film as "pornography disguised as art". Last Tango in Paris 77 Metascore 1972 2 hr 16 mins Drama NC17 Watchlist A newly widowed American begins an intense sexual relationship with a Parisian girl through which he works out his. Over the years the film has been vilified as utter euro trash or acclaimed as one of the best films ever made. "The movie breakthrough has finally come," Pauline Kael wrote, in the most famous movie review ever published. In addition, a woman shows a photograph of a native African woman with her breasts exposed. [51], Many feminist film critics disliked the film. The percentage of users who made a verified movie ticket purchase and rated this 3.5 stars or higher. They won't be able to see your review if you only submit your rating. As news of the action resurfaced, many reacted on social media about the controversy including actress Jessica Chastain. PARIS (AP) Maria Schneider, the French actress who was Marlon Brando's young co-star in the steamy 1972 film "Last Tango in Paris," has died at age 58.
Tympanic Vs Hyperresonance, Patti Russo Meatloaf Split, Leo And Sagittarius Compatibility Pros And Cons, How To Make An Anderson Shelter Out Of Cardboard, Agenda 2030 Red Zone Map, F150 Jack Points, Asu Cultural Diversity Classes,