It can give us a sense of how juicy the atmosphere is, so how conducive it is for feeding a storm. Hurricane Hunters to study latest weather storms for better forecasting data. As such, the thought of flying a plane into one seems a rather dangerous prospect. The four-engine turboprop P-3, which was produced by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin) until 1990, is being replaced in U.S. service by the jet-powered Boeing P-8 Poiseidon. The planes also have tail doppler radars, which measure how moisture droplets in the air are blowing to determine how the wind is behaving. Recently, NOAAs Gulfstream IV flew a Star-2 pattern around Hurricane Larry, to investigate outflow patterns from the storm and better determine where the storm was headed. The current state of video display on the web provides many challenges. There was severe flooding in the mountainous terrain of southern Mexico. News. Hurricane Hunters to retrieve storm data for forecasters so they can predict just how much rain, wind, and how long these storms will last. Air Force Hurricane Hunters have a variety of flight patterns to choose from for invest missions: X, Delta, and Box, just to name a few. With a hurricane rolling ashore near Galveston, Texas, the instructor bet the trainees that he could fly into the hurricane and back just using the instrument technique, proving its worth. Insured losses from this hurricane totaled $11 million, but given that the Great Depression had recently ended and people likely could not afford insurance, this damage toll is likely understated. Hurricane Patricia was a rapidly intensifying Category V hurricane, and ultimately the strongest hurricane on record. "The P-3 is only rated to plus three and minus two Gs, so we may have some serious structural damage. The topic of Gs is usually brought up with roller coasters or space launches. As such, carriers will sometimes have to divert flights for hundreds of miles in order to safely make their way around the storm. And though we go into each storm armed with the best available information about the conditions we should encounter, the dynamic nature of the environment means the only sure things about your trip through are the bumps behind you.. (The U.S. Air Force Reserve's 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron also supports this mission with their WC-130J aircraft.) The Star 1 pattern focuses on a scan of the outer edges of the system. We might start to see the ingredients quickly coming together: Is the ocean warm to a great depth? National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce seal, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration seal, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NOAA seal: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Weak storms and invests can be very tricky and require a lot of thinking on our toes.. Buoy Drops: A mission we are sometimes tasked to do during the hurricane season is dropping various weather buoys in the path of oncoming hurricanes and tropical storms. Nick Underwood, an aerospace engineer and hurricane hunter at NOAA, the National Oceanic & Atmospheric . He describes the experience: As we approached the middle of the storm in the pitch black of morning, lightning momentarily lit up the sky and silhouetted the massive clouds we were getting ready to fly through, which would then vanish in the darkness just as quickly as they appeared. And so it is heavy to think about, it is a heavy weight to carry. Pilotand instructor Col. Joe Duckworth and navigator Lt. Ralph O'Hair took to fly through the hurricane. After he returned safely with navigator Lt. Ralph O'Hair, the base's weather officer, Lt. William Jones-Burdick, took over the navigator's seat and Duckworth flew into the storm a second time. The eye is the calmest part of the storm, but its surrounded by the most intense part: the eyewall. WB-29, 19511956; WB-50, 19561963; WB-47, 19631969; WC-121N 19541973; WC-130A, B, E, H, 19652012. Public File for KMAX-TV / Good Day Sacramento. The storm left downtown Jacksonville inundated, even though it wasn't anywhere near the cone of uncertainty. InteractiveNWS (iNWS) (core partners only), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. From 30,000 feet above the Pacific Ocean, the latest atmospheric river barreling toward California was a ribbon of furrowed white some 100 miles wide, with lofty plumes tufted high along its spine. 03:04. . We also dont have a lot of measurements in the boundary layer because its not a safe place for a plane to fly. "It is a personal mission for me. During the next flight, Hurricane Janet was found to be a major hurricane with winds of 160 mph. "Once a system becomes a tropical storm or hurricane, the hurricane hunters begin flying at higher altitudes, ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 feet depending on the severity of the storm," said . A "G" is the force of gravity, with positive or up Gs meaning you are being pulled toward the ground, and negative or down Gs being the feeling of weightlessness. This is my third season doing this, and this is probably the worst I've seen it," she said. Generally speaking, these typical cyclones are not as tall as other storms. After that, tropical disturbances have a better chance of reaching the Caribbean. In a hurricane or other tropical storm, with winds often 100 miles per hour or faster, these . That summer, British pilots were being trained in instrument flying at Bryan Field. Marlee Ginter is an Emmy Award-winning investigative journalist. But deep warm water, like we find in eddies in the Gulf of Mexico, provides extra energy that can fuel a storm. We can also get zero G for a few seconds, and anything thats not strapped down will float off. As Hurricane Ian intensified on its way toward the Florida coast, hurricane hunters were in the sky doing something almost unimaginable: flying through the center of the storm. The NOAA Hurricane Hunters are a group of aircraft used for hurricane reconnaissance by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).They fly through hurricanes to help forecasters and scientists gather operational and research data. They fly directly into them, but they dont just fly into and around the storms randomly. "The cockpit G-meter shows we took five-and-a-half Gs up and three-and-a-half Gs down," continues Lowell, now sounding really concerned. The Rotated Figure 4 pattern is as it sounds; the Figure 4 pattern turned on side. [16], The examples and perspective in this article, Last edited on 17 November 2022, at 22:55, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "NOAA hurricane center once housed at MacDill opens in Lakeland", "NOAA Hurricane Hunters Have New Home In Lakeland", "Aircraft Meteorological Observation for Tropical Cyclones", "HKO and GFS join forces to introduce dropsonde system", "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part I: the Oct 1, 1945 typhoon", "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part II: Typhoon Wilma, 1952", "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part III: Typhoon Doris, 1953", "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part IV: Hurricane Janet, 1955", "The 6 lost Hurricane Hunter missions, Part V: Typhoon Ophelia, 1958", "Smithsonian Channel: It's Brighter Here", 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron homepage, Air Weather Reconnaissance Association homepage, ASN Accident description 13 OCT 1974 Lockheed WC-130H Hercules 65-0965, The NOAA Aircraft Operations Center homepage, VW-1 All Hands Alumni Association homepage, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_hunters&oldid=1122502701, October 26, 1952 - A United States Air Force, December 16, 1953 - A United States Navy Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer (Bureau Number: 59716) of Airborne Early Warning Squadron (VW-3) was lost during reconnaissance of, September 26, 1955 - A United States Navy, January 15, 1958 - A United States Air Force, October 12, 1974 - In 1974, a newly converted, This page was last edited on 17 November 2022, at 22:55. If you cannot view the video you can download it from our video repository. Winds were likely lighter but still very strong during Snowcloud Five's flight. Bess crossed over the northern Philippines island of Luzon with typhoon-force winds, killing 26 and causing $9.2 million in damage. The training of a commercial pilot and Hurricane Hunter diverge sharply. At the level the flight crews were flying, winds were estimated to be around 220 mph. Since 2009 the Government Flying Service of Hong Kong (GFS) have conducted regular flight data collection in cooperation with the Hong Kong Observatory. Characterized by low air pressure and strong winds, these storms can cause extensive disruption when they reach land. Hurricane Hunters have a massive role when it comes to forecasting tropical storms and hurricanes. The main objective is to mark the center of circulation, monitor winds speeds and pressure changes, and other variables that are tricky for satellites in space to measure in full detail. Stay informed:Sign upfor ourdailyandweeklyaviation news digests. But have you ever noticed hurricane hunters flight patterns shown by meteorologists on TV look like random, odd shapes? Let us know your thoughts and experiences in the comments. (MORE: Hurricane Janet Takes 11 Navy Hurricane Hunter Lives). In the place of parachutes on the sturdy WC-130Js the Hurricane Hunters fly are life vests should the plane go down in a storm. A Hurricane Hunter flight in 1974 proved deadly. January 16, 2023 / 3:39 AM Flight meteorologist Joyce Hirai ensures that data immediately gets to meteorologists on the ground for the most accurate forecasting. rapidly intensifying to a very strong Category 5, Events Coordinator - Melbourne Law School, Monash Business School - Senior Academic appointment opportunities, Lecturer (Level B) / Senior Lecturer (Level C) in Social Work Field Education. Irene would later bring devastating impacts closer to home. Even if we are in, you know, extreme turbulence, it means something to people on the ground and it really makes an impact on people's lives, Underwood said. For invest missions, the NHC will often send estimated coordinates of where they believe the center of circulation is, which is where the missions will target for their starting point. What are hurricane hunters and why do they fly into hurricanes? Hurricane Hugo went on to kill 49 people, including 21 in the United States. Did you encounter any technical issues? A WC-130 aircraft similar to the plane that was lost in Typhoon Bess. Hurricane hunting began with a bet. The systems for deploying them are similar to those used in military P-3s to drop sonobuoys, used to listen for submarines. Air Force Hurricane Hunters have a variety of flight patterns to choose from for invest missions: X, Delta, and Box, just to name a few. Slicing through the eyewall of a hurricane, buffeted by howling winds, blinding rain and violent updrafts and downdrafts before entering the relative calm of the storms eye, NOAAs two Lockheed WP-3D Orion four-engine turboprop aircraft, afectionately nicknamed "Kermit" (N42RF) and "Miss Piggy" (N43RF), probe every wind and pressure change, repeating the often grueling experience again and again during the course of an 8-10 hour mission. A NOAA technician deploys an airborne expendable bathythermograph. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. In the past, before satellites were used to find tropical storms, military aircraft flew routine weather reconnaissance tracks to detect formation of tropical cyclones. And just as is done for tropical cyclones, the missions are coordinated through the Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination All Hurricanes, also known as CARCAH,located at NOAAs National Hurricane Center in Miami. This flight showed that hurricane reconnaissance flights were possible, and further flights continued occasionally. Inside the eye of a hurricane from above 1,000 feet. One P-3 has a laser a CRL, or compact rotational raman LiDAR that can measure temperature, humidity and aerosols from the aircraft all the way down to the ocean surface. A WC-130J Super Hercules aircraft assigned to the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron flies in the eye of Hurricane Ian Sept. 27, 2022. The 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, aka the " Hurricane Hunters ," is the only Air Force unit tasked with the mission of collecting data from the inside of a storm and flying into the eye of hurricanes. The pattern consists of two legs flown at intercardinal directions, and when complete, looks a lot like the Greek Alpha symbol when including the crossleg.. But, during that flight, we might start to see the structure change pretty quickly. Maybe its closed but just elongated? That gives us a 3D look at the wind field, like an X-ray of the storm. Jason Dunion receives funding from NOAA, NASA, and the Office of Naval Research. Clear weakening trend. Flooding was catastrophic in Vermont, and three towns in upstate New York were uninhabitable. / AFP PHOTO / RHONA WISE (Photo credit should read RHONA WISE/AFP via Getty Images), Hurricane Hunters: Flying Into The Eye Of The Storm, for the purpose of gathering weather data, airliners generally have to air a little more caution, Biman Bangladesh Airlines To Use Its Own Fleet For Hajj Charter Flights, airBaltic Will Be Forced To Wet Lease Aircraft This Summer Amid Airbus A220 MRO Delays, Starlux Airlines Announces Its First Airbus A350 Routes And Begins Ticket Sales, Heavier Winter Passengers Stop United Airlines Filling Its Boeing 757, Southwest Boeing 737-700 Loses Tire On Take-Off, Jet2 Airbus A321 Diverted To Bilbao So Passengers Could Go To The Toilet. For example, Hurricane Henri in August 2021 prompted US airlines to issue emergency travel waivers. Since rapid intensification can happen in a really short time span, we have to be out there with the hurricane hunters taking measurements while the storm is coming together. The bodies and the plane were never recovered. The pilots, Flight Director and Navigator conduct a mission brief with science team personnel to review the planned route, mission profile, data collection objectives, current and forecast storm development, expected hazards (e.g., convection, icing, salt accretion); weather for takeoff, landing and the en-route portion, etc. "Five-and-a-half Gs!" TAMPA, Fla. (WFLA) If you've ever wondered what it takes to go up in the air during dangerous tropical cyclones and fly straight into the storm, you're not alone. "And the other thing was lightning, just tons of lightning, especially in and around the eyewall of the storm, which is something that you really just don't see all that often. "Once a system becomes a tropical storm or hurricane, the hurricane hunters begin flying at higher altitudes, ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 feet depending on the severity of the storm," said . NOAA Corps pilots and civilian flight engineers, meteorologists and electronic engineers are highly trained to operate in the kind of adverse weather conditions that keep other aircraft on the ground. Recently, these aircraft have been used in major studies on storms approaching the continents of Europe and North America to improve forecasts and study the effects of El Nio, atmospheric gases and aerosols over the North Atlantic, large-scale convective storm complexes in the Midwest, and winter storms battering U.S. Pacific coastal states. Link Copied! - CBS Sacramento. The flight crew for a Hurricane Hunter is normally given 48 hours of notice for a flight. Underwood said one of his flights through Hurricane Ian, which devastated Florida and caused flooding in parts of the eastern United States, was "the worst" he had ever been on. The crew successfully launched the drone despite encountering extreme turbulence, according to the NOAA. The commercial aviation world trains its pilots to avoid inclement weather, while NOAA Hurricane Hunter pilots are trained to fly through the worst storms on earth, over and over again. This data helps with predicting a storms intensity, as well as determining exactly where the center is.. Such missions have also been flown by Navy units and other Air Force and NOAA units. Two turbulent flights were flown into that hurricane by Duckworth, but in the end, O'Hair had enough with just one flight and never flew into another hurricane again. My most intense flight was Dorian in 2019. NOAA. Hurricane hunting serves a very important purpose to save lives and property through better forecasts from the National Hurricane Center. Air in, up and out the breathing is a great way to diagnose a storm. The administration flies two of the aircraft, nicknamed Kermit and Miss Piggy. Related Videos. There is a method to the madness. Lead instructor Colonel Joe Duckworth took one of the trainers out and flew it straight into the eye of the storm. As storms repeatedly hammered the western U.S. through mid-January, pilots whose normal job is surveying hurricanes took to the skies to survey an atmospheric river instead. Price explains, being a pilot in the front seat of an airplane was a whole lot more fun than being bounced around in the back of one as a kid. While serving as a Navy pilot, flying missions from South America to Afghanistan, he learned about the NOAA Corps and its hurricane research and reconnaissance missions. In the United States, the organizations that fly these missions are the United States Air Force Reserve's 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Hunters. Once we are able to map a full circulation (usually by finding a west wind), well shift back to Figure 4s based on that newly identified center position.. The hurricane was responsible for 49 deaths, including 41 in the United States. When they saw that the Americans were evacuating their AT-6 Texan trainers in the face of the storm, they began questioning the construction of the aircraft. The closely-related Star 2 pattern also does an outer scan of the system, while also adding in a circumference loop near the center of circulation. Hurricanes are massive cyclone storms that reach altitudes up to 50,000 feet. The aircraft are based at NOAAs Aircraft Operations Center in Lakeland, Florida, but have supported hurricane and tropical storm research in the Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and the Eastern Pacific. You can lose a few hundred feet in a couple of seconds if you have a down draft, or you can hit an updraft and gain a few hundred feet in a matter of seconds. The best information about a storm is still found within the storm itself. It took two additional aircraft and some brave crew members to get the battered plane, one engine down, out of Hugo's eye. The bet was won by Duckworth. Just like those flights into tropical cyclones, the aircraft will deploy a series of dropwindsondes over the data-sparse oceanic regions, gathering data on temperature, wind, moisture and pressure. With rotating winds of a tropical storm, the chance of crosswinds at takeoff are high, and it's likely that this mission would have been delayed or canceled if the timing was slightly different. Sixty-one years ago, Navy Reconnaissance flight Snowcloud Five left GuantanamoBay in Cuba and never returned to base. Michael Smerconish tackles the week's biggest news. Satellites can capture hurricanes' full breadth, ground sensors can soak up data, but the best way to get a close-up look at the churning monsters is to fly into their dark hearts, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 16, 2023, 5:52 PM. The term "hurricane hunters" was first applied to its missions in 1946. appreciated. / CBS Sacramento. Choices are stored using browser cookies. Depending upon where the winter storm could develop, the aircraft are sent to the Gulf of Mexico, or the Atlantic Ocean off the middle-Atlantic coastline, or perhaps both. We also look at the boundary layer, the area just above the ocean. Based in Norwich, UK. Those flight patterns may look like boxes or stars, but they serve specific purposes for each individual storm. However, it's not hurricanes they are flying through, but the atmospheric river systems plaguing . It goes directly into the storm and can collect the data that can tell meteorologists how strong a storm will be and even how long it will last. Marlee Ginter flew with Air Force Reservist while learning how they capture data about hurricanes. NOAA's hurricane hunters, famous for flying into the world's most ferocious weather, have a job which is not for the faint of heart, often being tossed in severe turbulence while flying at a . The number of aircraft in the NOAA and USAF Reserve Hurricane Hunter fleet. Henry E. Rohlsen Airport, located in St. Croix, is used by the53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron also known as the Air Force Hurricane Hunters to extend their surveillance into the central Atlantic. The idea of it was both fascinating and outside my comfort zone, but the caliber of people and the quality individuals I knew Id work alongside at NOAA sealed the deal.. The jets mission covers thousands of square miles surrounding the hurricane, gathering vital high-altitude data with GPS dropwindsondes and tail Doppler radar that enables forecasters to maps the steering currents that influence the movement of hurricanes. Commander Scott Price, a NOAA Commissioned Corps Officer, is one of this rare breed. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. The storm, which was a category 5 hurricane, made its way through Cuba in early September 2017. Weather-Ready Nation1325 East West HighwaySilver Spring, MD 20910Comments? As with hurricane missions, the two aircraft obtain different but complementary data. Hurricane hunters visit California to fly into atmospheric rivers The forecasted landfall of atmospheric rivers can be be off by 200 to 300 miles, but aerial data could help change that. The seedlings of hurricanes come off Africa, and were trying to determine the tipping points for theses disturbances to form into storms. As the Aircraft Commander, Price ensures the entry and exit plans are set, crew members are briefed and understand their specific duties, and the aircraft is ready to fly through an environment nearly every other plane in the world will never encounter. This past hurricane season is history, and it's several months until the official start of the next season on June 1. Crew members are by no means fearless. The other is the Gulfstream IV, which flies around the hurricane at about . Without the only operational hurricane reconnaissance unit in the world flying into storm every season, the negative impact on forecast accuracy could be devastating. Each mission lasts eight to 10 hours, with much of the flight time taking place inside the hurricane or in extreme conditions. But sometimes, these flights put lives of meteorologists, flight crew, media and pilots in danger. It recorded a maximum . Its not unusual to fly six days in a row on a slow moving storm. Hurricane hunting aircraft provide vital information in terms of a storm's potential development. This means that it is sometimes safe for airliners to fly over them. Nov 28. The Hurricane Hunters began flying Fiona on Sept. 15, when it was a tropical storm. They accidently pierced the nine- to 10-mile-wide eye of this hurricane as it moved ashore. How do the crews know where and when to fly? The training of a commercial pilot and Hurricane Hunter diverge sharply. A WC-130J Super Hercules aircraft from the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron sits on the flightline at Keesler Air Force Base, Miss., May 16, 2020. I exclaim, looking at Pete in amazement and trepidation. The P-3s can also deploy probes called bathythermographs that measure the temperature of the sea. Intense downdrafts pushed the plane down to 880 feet, took out one engine and nearly took out another engine on the same wing. During the mission, crews drop instruments called dropwindsondes, which float down through the hurricane on parachutes while sending data back to the aircraft. Some of those tropical waves are the precursors for hurricanes. Hurricane Patricia was the strongest hurricane on Earth, based on known records, with sustained winds peaking at 215 mph. This past hurricane season is history, and its several months until the official start of the next season on June 1. The Square Spiral pattern is a survey mission meant to supply observations on the structure and characteristics including information about the vortex center, if it exists. The high contrast option causes colors to change to mostly black and white. . The underlined links option causes all website links to become underlined, making them easier to distinguish. "We basically drop the instruments into . That isnt a very healthy storm. It also has a Gulfstream IV-SP jet which it uses for winter storms. It takes a significant amount of preparation to deploy a full crew to a variety of international locations. We need instruments that not only measure the atmosphere but also the ocean. The aircraft is part of NOAA's Hurricane Preparedness Week, May 7-13, 2017. Have a comment on this page? Contact us with page issues. The data help build a better understanding of the seaborne storms as well as assist disaster planners in dealing with them as they approach land, the administration said. Over half the named storms we get in the Atlantic come from this nursery, including about 80% of the major hurricanes, so its important, even though the disturbances are maybe seven to 10 days ahead of a hurricane forming. Sometimes we're not necessarily in it, but in the P-3 Orion . Hurricane hunters are planes that fly into hurricanes to help gather data about them. From my perspective as the onboard meteorologist, the Alpha pattern is the easiest to fly. "I was reading these forecasts to the aviators, and now I'm part of the aircrew. Information from both research and reconnaissance flights directly contribute to the safety of people living along and visiting the vulnerable Atlantic and Gulf coasts. How hurricane hunters fly into storms. National Weather Service A handful of "hurricane hunters" are paid to fly directly into storms. Journalist - A graduate in German, Jake has a passion for aviation history, and enjoys sampling new carriers and aircraft even if doing so demands an unorthodox itinerary. Extreme Gs can be deadly to humans and extremely destructive to aircraft. The Area-I Altius-600 unmanned drone was used for the first time in a storm. Basically, were take a flying laboratory into the heart of the hurricane, all the way up to Category 5s. Is it a closed low or an open wave? These instruments continuously transmit measurements of pressure, humidity, temperature, and wind direction and speed as they fall toward the sea, providing a detailed look at the structure of the storm and its intensity. [#5] I believe only one ever crashed in a storm and that was over 60 years ago. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Are there several smaller swirls competing to be the main circulation center? It's a 2,900-mile radius over the Pacific in the Air Force Reserve's massive WC-130J as they hunt down rough and volatile storms aiming for the Sacramento region. But its sturdy airframe, efficient engines and plenty of space for sensors and instruments make it ideal for hurricane missions, according to NOAA. Wait: Hurricane Hunters fly winter missions too? How does that happen? What they actually flew into was a . In the P-3s, we routinely cut through the middle of the storm, right into the eye. This data helps with predicting the storms track.. Were figuring out how to improve that early forecasting. SFMRs measure over-ocean wind speed and rain rate in hurricanes and tropical storms, key indicators of potentially deadly storm surges. Luckily, the team found a weak spot at 7,000 feet in the immense eye wall and returned to Barbados safely. Hurricane Hunters Part Three: Why Fly Though A Hurricane? When we were coming through the eyewall of Dorian, it was all seat belts. One of our goals is to better understand why storms rapidly intensify. Hurricane hunters have been flying into storms for 75 years to measure wind speeds and pressure. A hurricane hunter flies through Hurricane Ida in 2021. These probes measure the water temperature down several hundred feet. The data from the aircraft is quality-controlled by CARCAH and goes into a number of computer models to help improve the forecast of the high-impact winter storms. High-tech radar systems on the aircraft provide researchers and forecasters an MRI-like look at the storm, allowing them to see the different layers and internal structures. [15], The story of a NOAA flight during Hurricane Hugo was shown as part of the Mayday television show on the during 2015. A .gov Other types include the A-20 Havoc, 1944; B-24, 19441945; B-17, 19451947; B-25, 19461947; B-29, 19461947. He described the technology the team is using to gauge hurricane behavior in real time and the experience aboard a P-3 Orion as it plunges through the eyewall of a hurricane.

Espressione Em 1040 Troubleshooting, Sconyers Bbq Sauce Recipe, Skeleton Hoodie Y2k, Ohio State Volleyball Roster 2018, Pathapee Leh Ruk Ep 1 Eng Sub Kissasian, Charles Stevenson Hedge Fund, Where To Harvest Mussels In California, Dunkin Liquid Sugar,