By the 1980s, an independence movement emerged and grew quickly, leading to Georgia's secession from the Soviet Union in April 1991. [citation needed] The overall region can be characterized as being made up of various, interconnected mountain ranges (largely of volcanic origin) and plateaus that do not exceed 3,400 metres (11,155ft) in elevation. [211] In response to lawsuits from civil society organizations, in 2018 the Constitutional Court of Georgia ruled that "consumption of marijuana is an action protected by the right to free personality"[212] and that "[Marijuana] can only harm the user's health, making that user him/herself responsible for the outcome. Saakashvili believed in 2008 that the country is "on the road to becoming a European democracy. "Christianity and the Georgian Empire" (early history) Library of Congress, March 1994, webpage: Sketches of Georgian Church History by Theodore Edward Dowling, Nakhutsrishvili, I.G. [242][243] The World Bank dubbed Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 18th in terms of ease of doing business,[244] and by 2020 further improved its position to 6th in the world. Georgia ranked number 58 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking,[258] up from 60 in 2015. As the largest faction, having secured 90 out of 150 seats, Georgian Dream formed the country's next government and continued to govern alone. From 1,5001,800 metres (4,9215,906ft), the forest becomes largely coniferous. The spider checklist of Georgia, for example, includes 501 species. In February 1921, during the Russian Civil War, the Red Army advanced into Georgia and brought the local Bolsheviks to power. These artillery attacks immediately caused Georgian servicemen to return fire periodically. [81], On 26 May, Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected as the first President of independent Georgia. [80] In August 1991, Romania became the first country to recognize Georgia. The Georgian government fled to France where it operated until the early 1930s. It's been a communist takeover of our country, and it happened on January 21. It was registered at the Ministry of Justice on 27 February 1998. Georgia (country) - Wikipedia [168], In 2011, the North Atlantic Council designated Georgia as an "aspirant country". [239] Throughout Georgia's modern history agriculture and tourism have been principal economic sectors, because of the country's climate and topography. Officially autonomous within Georgia,[216] the de facto independent region of Abkhazia declared independence in 1999. [204][205][206][207] While human rights activists maintained that the protests were peaceful, the government pointed out that many protesters were masked and armed with heavy sticks and molotov cocktails. NGO "Tolerance", in its alternative report about its implementation, speaks of a rapid decrease in the number of Azerbaijani schools and cases of appointing headmasters to Azerbaijani schools who do not speak the Azerbaijani language. The federation consisted of three nations: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. is georgia a communist country - casessss.com 3 mins ago. In 2010, Transparency International (TI) named Georgia "the best corruption-buster in the world. [345], Georgian cuisine and wine have evolved through the centuries, adapting traditions in each era. One of the most famous late 19th/early 20th century Georgian artists was primitivist painter Niko Pirosmani. Between 6001,000 metres (1,9693,281ft) above sea level, the deciduous forest becomes mixed with both broad-leaf and coniferous species making up the plant life. Since the fall of the USSR in 1991, Georgia embarked on a major structural reform designed to transition to a free market economy. Prominent features of the area include the Javakheti Volcanic Plateau, lakes, including Tabatskuri and Paravani, as well as mineral water and hot springs. [225] Out of the abovementioned peaks, only Kazbek is of volcanic origin. [310], The special status of the Georgian Orthodox Church is officially recognized in the Constitution of Georgia and the Concordat of 2002, although religious institutions are separate from the state. This country held its first democratic republic elections in 1990. This was nowhere else more publicly and violently opposed than in Georgia, where in 1956 riots broke out upon the release of Khrushchev's public denunciation of Stalin, which had to be dispersed by military force. [146] This led to a new political crisis that was (temporarily) resolved with an EU brokered agreement,[147] from which the Georgian Dream later withdrew. Located on the crossroads of protracted RomanPersian wars, the early Georgian kingdoms disintegrated into various feudal regions by the early Middle Ages. In 19181919, Georgian general Giorgi Mazniashvili led an attack against the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin in order to claim the Black Sea coastline from Tuapse to Sochi and Adler for the independent Georgia. Total length of roads in Georgia, excluding the occupied territories, is 21,110 kilometres (13,120mi) and railways 1,576km (979mi). [281][c] The population declined by 40,000 in 2021, a reversal of the trend towards stabilisation of the last decade and, for the first time since independence, the population was recorded to be below 3.7 million. [299][300][301][302][303][304] The official languages of Georgia are Georgian, with Abkhaz having official status within the autonomous region of Abkhazia. Western Georgia's landscape ranges from low-land marsh-forests, swamps, and temperate rainforests to eternal snows and glaciers, while the eastern part of the country even contains a small segment of semi-arid plains. [295][c], In the early 1990s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, violent separatist conflicts broke out in the autonomous region of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region. Georgian wine making is a very old tradition and a key branch of the country's economy. [338], Georgian architecture has been influenced by many civilizations. [150], On 1 October 2021, former President Mikheil Saakashvili was arrested on his return from exile. [12][13] It is a developing country with a very high Human Development Index. The Constitution of Georgia guarantees freedom of speech. [297] Of the Meskhetian Turks who were forcibly relocated in 1944, only a tiny fraction returned to Georgia as of 2008[update]. President Saakashvili acknowledged the defeat of his party on the following day. His regime is known as one of the most brutal in world history; tens of millions of . Additionally, Eastern European countries, especially former communist countries, have become the target of state-sponsored disinformation and propaganda, seeking to exploit societal and cultural wedge issues and strengthen extremist groups. [328] Georgian culture enjoyed a renaissance and golden age of classical literature, arts, philosophy, architecture and science in the 11th century. It is unicameral and has 150 members, known as deputies, of whom 30 are elected by plurality to represent single-member districts, and 120 are chosen to represent parties by proportional representation. Joseph Stalin, an ethnic Georgian born Iosif Vissarionovich Jugashvili ( ) in Gori, was prominent among the Bolsheviks. However, subsequent Iranian and Ottoman invasions further weakened local kingdoms and regions. On the other hand, Georgia, the country in the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia, is a sovereign state. In preparation for the 2012 parliamentary elections, Georgia implemented constitutional reforms to switch to a parliamentary democracy, moving executive powers from the President to the Prime Minister. [257], Georgia's telecommunications infrastructure is ranked the last among its bordering neighbours in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Gold, silver, copper and iron have been mined in the Caucasus Mountains. South Ossetians were responsible for instigating this incident, which marked the opening of hostilities and injured five Georgian servicemen. [282][d] Georgia was also once home to significant ethnic German communities, numbering 11,394 according to the 1926 census. [23], Today, the official name of the country is Georgia, as specified in the Georgian constitution which reads "Georgia is the name of the state of Georgia. [68] The Georgian nobility did not accept the decree until 12 April 1802, when Knorring assembled the nobility at the Sioni Cathedral and forced them to take an oath on the Imperial Crown of Russia. The coup was instigated by part of the National Guards and a paramilitary organization called "Mkhedrioni" ("horsemen"). In 1121, he decisively defeated much larger Turkish armies during the Battle of Didgori and liberated Tbilisi. [273][274], Air and maritime transport is developing in Georgia, with the former mainly used by passengers and the latter for transport of freight. The government of Georgia is carried out under a semi-presidential representative democracy. The construction of new highways has been prioritized and, as such, major cities like Tbilisi have seen the quality of their roads improve dramatically; despite this however, the quality of inter-city routes remains poor and to date only one motorway-standard road has been constructed the 1 (S1), the main eastwest highway through the country. [119] Russian forces left the buffer areas bordering Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 8 October, and the European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia was dispatched to the buffer areas. Evergreen species such as box may also be found in many areas. But the demographic change it is now experiencingcombined with its relatively isolated. In the early 4th century, ethnic Georgians officially adopted Christianity, which contributed to the spiritual and political unification of the early Georgian states. [322], Tbilisi has become the main artery of the Georgian educational system, particularly since the creation of the First Georgian Republic in 1918 permitted the establishment of modern, Georgian-language educational institutions. [27] In fact, early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC, associated with the Shulaveri-Shomu culture. Other notable basketball players are two times Euroleague champion Giorgi Shermadini and Euroleague players Manuchar Markoishvili and Viktor Sanikidze. [47] The Golden age of Georgia left a legacy of great cathedrals, romantic poetry and literature, and the epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin, the latter which is considered a national epic. [228], Much of western Georgia lies within the northern periphery of the humid subtropical zone with annual precipitation ranging from 1,0002,500mm (3998in), reaching a maximum during the Autumn months. Georgia's decision to boost its presence in the coalition forces in Iraq was an important initiative. The Action Plan was formally approved at the EUGeorgia Cooperation Council session on 14 November 2006, in Brussels. The first mention of the name spelled as Georgia is in Italian on the mappa mundi of Pietro Vesconte dated AD 1320. The Kartli line prevailed; in 888 Adarnase IV of Iberia (r. 888923) restored the indigenous royal authority dormant since 580. [207][209], Since independence, Georgia maintained harsh policies against drugs, handing out lengthy sentences even for marijuana use. [201], Human rights in Georgia are guaranteed by the country's constitution. "[24] Before the 1995 constitution came into force, the country's official name was the Republic of Georgia (Georgian: , romanized: Sakartvelos Resp'ublik'a) and it is still sometimes referred to by that name. Is Georgia in Europe or Asia? Georgian Culture, Geography and more [153] Georgia also maintains political, economic, and military relations with France,[154] Germany,[155] Israel,[156] Japan,[157] South Korea,[158] Sri Lanka,[159] Turkey,[160] Ukraine,[161] the United States,[162] and many other countries. [252] In 2015, the average monthly income of a household was 1,022.3 (about $426). [318] The school system is divided into elementary (six years; ages 612), basic (three years; ages 1215), and secondary (three years; ages 1518), or alternatively vocational studies (two years). [294] There were 184 thousand immigrants in Georgia in 2014 with most of them hailing from Russia (51.6%), Greece (8.3%), Ukraine (8.11%), Germany (4.3%), and Armenia (3.8%). [163], The explicit western orientation of Georgia, deepening political ties with the US and European Union, notably through its EU and NATO membership aspirations, the US Train and Equip military assistance programme, and the construction of the BakuTbilisiCeyhan pipeline, have frequently strained Tbilisi's relations with Moscow. Soviet Union timeline - BBC News Gamsakhurdia stoked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi's authority over regions such as Abkhazia and South Ossetia that had been classified as autonomous within the Georgian SSR. [271] Infrastructural development has also been high on the agenda for the railways, with the key Tbilisi railway junction expected to undergo major reorganization in the near future. Cross-dome architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century; before that, most Georgian churches were basilicas. [12] [13] It is a developing country with a very high Human Development Index. The head of supra is known as tamada. Their cause was championed by the socialist Mensheviks, who became the dominant political force in Georgia in the final years of Russian rule. ", "Ruling party in Georgia decisively wins parliament vote", "Georgian government offers concessions to end crisis", "Transparency International urges dialogue with civil society during political crisis in Georgia", "Georgian Dream, Opposition Reach Consensus over Electoral Reform", "Georgia elects Salome Zurabishvili as first woman president", "Georgia protests: Tbilisi police fire water cannon at demonstrators", "New EU Proposal: Amnesty for Rurua, Melia, 2022 Snap Polls if GD Gets Less than 43% in Locals", "President Michel to Start Consultations after GD's EU-Brokered Deal Withdrawal", "Mikheil Saakashvili: Georgian ex-president arrested returning from exile", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and the Republic of France", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and the Federal Republic of Germany", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and the State of Israel", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and Japan", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Visa Information for Foreign Citizens", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and the Republic of Turkey", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia Relations between Georgia and Ukraine", "Relations Between Georgia and the United States of America", "U.S. [73] The Menshevik Social Democratic Party of Georgia won the parliamentary election and its leader, Noe Zhordania, became prime minister. [115][116], President of France Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated a ceasefire agreement on 12 August 2008. The biggest part, 72% of the military budget is allocated for maintaining defence forces readiness and potency development. It was an "official" reason, but instability of economic relations with Russia is well known, as they use the economic ties for political purposes. [120][121] Since the war, Georgia has maintained that Abkhazia and South Ossetia are occupied Georgian territories. Georgia was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, alongside Armenia and Azerbaijan, in 1921 which in 1922 would become a founding member of the Soviet Union. The Georgian language, the most pervasive of the Kartvelian languages, is not Indo-European, Turkic, or Semitic. CABI, 2008. The revival of the Kingdom of Georgia was set back after Tbilisi was captured and destroyed by the Khwarezmian leader Jalal ad-Din in 1226. [117] Russia recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as separate republics on 26 August. [27] The earliest evidence of wine to date has been found in Georgia, where 8,000-year old wine jars were uncovered. [citation needed] The military budget of Georgia for 2021 is 900 ($280) million. Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology", Ethnic tensions: War in the Caucasus is Stalin's legacy, "Georgian World War II hero's remains return home".

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