Russian has six cases: Nominative (for the grammatical subject), Accusative (for direct objects), Dative (for indirect objects), Genitive (to indicate possession or relation), Instrumental (to indicate 'with' or 'by means of'), and Prepositional (used after the locative prepositions "in", "on", "about", "in the presence of"). Available for over a year. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, and has the fifth-highest military expenditure. [514], Victory Day, which honors Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the End of World War II in Europe, is celebrated as an annual large parade in Moscow's Red Square;[515] and marks the famous Immortal Regiment civil event. [102] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. [136] In August 1945, the Red Army invaded Manchuria and ousted the Japanese from Northeast Asia, contributing to the Allied victory over Japan. [51] 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work.[52]. Analysis", "Oil Market and Russian Supply Russian supplies to global energy markets Analysis", "Gas Market and Russian Supply Russian supplies to global energy markets Analysis", "Russia formally joins Paris climate pact", "Is Russia finally getting serious on climate change? [44] Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav subsequently subdued all local East Slavic tribes to Kievan rule, destroyed the Khazar Khaganate,[52] and launched several military expeditions to Byzantium and Persia. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [459], After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a renewal of religions in Russia, with the revival of the traditional faiths and the emergence of new forms within the traditional faiths as well as many new religious movements. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. ", "Russia's population undergoes largest ever peacetime decline, analysis shows", "Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating", "Ukraine war threatens to deepen Russia's demographic crisis", "EAll- Russian population census 2010 Population by nationality, sex and subjects of the Russian Federation", International Journal of Political Economy, "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? [citation needed], During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. [528] The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich. The Russian-imposed governor of Sevastopol, Mikhail Razvozhayev, has posted to Telegram to say that in total the air defences of the Crimean city repulsed 10 drones from Ukraine this morning. [565] By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin. [81] An estimated 200,000 people speak the Russian language in Cuba, on the account that more than 23,000 Cubans who took higher studies in the former Soviet Union and later in Russia, and another important group of people who studied at military schools and technologists, plus the nearly 2,000 Russians residing in Cuba and their descendants. [2], Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,[209] has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. [417]:3460 During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover,[418] while Salyut1 became the world's first space station. [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. [7] In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. Political circumstances and Soviet accomplishments in military, scientific, and technological matters (especially cosmonautics), gave Russian a worldwide prestige, especially during the mid-20th century. [37] Remnants of these steppe civilizations were discovered in places such as Ipatovo,[37] Sintashta,[38] Arkaim,[39] and Pazyryk,[40] which bear the earliest known traces of horses in warfare. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. [398] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning. [citation needed], The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those withoutthe so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. [85] In 18031806, the first Russian circumnavigation was made. [98] Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. [226] In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (license statement/permission). [612] Tea has been popular in Russia for centuries. [334] Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's fifth-largest, worth $540 billion. [38] The genetic makeup of speakers of the Uralic language family in northern Europe was shaped by migration from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago. However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. [69] The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, taking advantage, occupied parts of Russia, extending into the capital Moscow. The number of native Russian-speaking Israelis numbers around 1.5million Israelis,[74] 15% of the population. International Journal of Russian Stidies. [439], Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. [295][296], Since 2004, Freedom House has ranked Russia as "not free" in its Freedom in the World survey. "Did you eat the cookie?) [75] The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. ", "PACE calls for an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to hold to account perpetrators of the crime of aggression against Ukraine", "Pluto: ten things we now know about the dwarf planet", The Arctic Institute Center for Circumpolar Security Studies, "Island hopping in Russia: Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula", "Lake BaikalA Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies", "Russia's Largest Rivers From the Amur to the Volga", "Present and future Kppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution", "Putin urges authorities to take action as wildfires engulf Siberia", "Why Russia's thawing permafrost is a global problem", "Will Russia's Forests Be an Asset or an Obstacle in Climate Fight? Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. [403] Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems. ", " : . A new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. [citation needed]. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other [376], Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. [28] It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. 1. Alexander Herzen is known as one of the fathers of agrarian populism. [497] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed. [h][218] Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. [238], Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[239] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[240] and the prime minister is the head of government. This era had poets such as Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Konstantin Balmont,[579] Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Osip Mandelshtam. [489] Obesity is a prevalent health issue in Russia; 61.1% of Russian adults were overweight or obese in 2016. . . Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage", "Russia's alcohol policy: a continuing success story", "Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources", "Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population) Russian Federation", "Preventing suicide: Russian Federation adapts WHO self-harm monitoring tool", "The 'Forward Russia' Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia", "Russian New Year: At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions", "Russians splurge on flowers for International Women's Day", "Russia kicks off lavish Victory Day parade following coronavirus delay", "Russia's Immortal Regiment: From Grassroots To 'Quasi-Religious Cult', "It's Russian Mardi Gras: Time For Pancakes, Butter And Fistfights", "Russia marks Cosmonautics Day in pictures", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, "The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. [79] In Nikolaevsk, Alaska, Russian is more spoken than English. See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. ", " ", "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain', "Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals", "Results of the 2009 National Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "Population And Housing Census Of The Kyrgyz Republic Of 2009", "Russian Language Status in Central Asian Countries", "For Mongolians, E Is for English, F Is for Future", : , "Window on Eurasia New Series: Percentage of Native Speakers of Russian Higher in Israel than in Most Former Soviet Republics", "Vietnam to add Chinese, Russian to elementary school curriculum", "Language Use in the United States: 2007, census.gov", "Russian is now the second most used language on the web", "Esperanto: its origins and early history", "RusKey: mapping the Russian keyboard layout into the Latin alphabets", https://www.rbth.com/education/328851-dialects-russian-language/amp, "Can Russians from different parts of the country understand each other? .: , 1987. [492] Smoking is another health issue in the country. [51] 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [44][failed verification] Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies,[45] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. [607], Russia's national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,[608] and the national alcoholic drink is vodka; its creation in the nation dates back to the 14th century. [427] Saint Petersburg, the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, white nights, criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals. [citation needed], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. [604] Salads include Olivier salad,[605] vinegret,[606] and dressed herring. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. [99][102][103][104] In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of weakening of the Russian language after the Soviet Union's collapse in various regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. Official Calls for Tribunal for War Crimes in Ukraine", "E.U. M.A. Will it work? [643] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. [631] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. [443][444] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million;[445] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians. [84][86] Some of these features such as akanye and yakanye, a debuccalized or lenited //, a semivowel /wu/ and palatalized final /t/ in 3rd person forms of verbs are also present in modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian), indicating a linguistic continuum. [47] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks. The gradual but steady emergence of the Grand Principality of Moscow (12631547) later the Tsardom of Russia from 1547 as the dominant and ever-expanding polity of the Rus', necessitated the earliest attempts at standardization of the East Slavic language based on the Moscow dialect. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. [citation needed], The Russian language in the world declined after 1991 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and decrease in the number of Russians in the world and diminution of the total population in Russia (where Russian is an official language), however this[clarification needed] has since been reversed. Old New Year is celebrated on 14 January. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin, Polish, Dutch, German, French, Italian, and English,[36] and to a lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic, Turkic,[37][38] Persian,[39][40] Arabic, and Hebrew. However, the peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. [47][99][100], According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L.,[101] the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. [108] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians. [87], During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia joined alliances with various European powers, and fought against France. [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [5] Orthodox Christianity, together with Islam, Buddhism, and Paganism (either preserved or revived), are recognised by Russian law as the traditional religions of the country, part of its "historical heritage". [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. [162] In August 1991, a coup d'tat attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [306], Russia's autocratic[307] political system has been variously described as a kleptocracy,[308] an oligarchy,[309] and a plutocracy. Here's how to fix it", "Russian domination at the Australian Open", "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics Athletes, Medals & Results", "Will Russia Be Thrown Out of the Olympics on Monday? [137], The 19411945 period of World WarII is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. [163] On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged. [51] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. The Russian Academy's first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared in 1783. [329][330], Russia has a mixed economy,[332] with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." [460][461] Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and is the traditional religion among the majority of the peoples of the North Caucasus, and among some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Toronto, Calgary, Baltimore, Miami, Chicago, Denver, and Cleveland. [320], Muslims, especially Salafis, have faced persecution in Russia. The current krais are not related to frontiers. [53], In Turkmenistan, Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. [226] The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some southernmost slivers of Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate. [482] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. [174] The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. [44], Led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, Novgorodians repelled the invading Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240,[56] as well as the Germanic crusaders in the Battle on the Ice in 1242. [63] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. . 1. [419] Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest. [citation needed], In addition to the modern Russian alphabet, Unicode (and thus UTF-8) encodes the Early Cyrillic alphabet (which is very similar to the Greek alphabet), and all other Slavic and non-Slavic but Cyrillic-based alphabets. [127]:9195 On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union,[128] opening the Eastern Front, the largest theater of World WarII. The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy. [488], The principle cause of death in Russia are cardiovascular diseases. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. The Russian perspective. [570] Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned. In particular, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch say that Russia is not democratic and allows few political rights and civil liberties to its citizens. [369] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest. [75], Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. [7] As of 2021[update], the military have around a million active-duty personnel, which is the world's fifth-largest, and about 220 million reserve personnel. "Was it you who ate the cookie?") [524] The early 19th century saw many prominent paintings by Karl Briullov and Alexander Ivanov, both of whom were known for Romantic historical canvases. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally [271] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era. : . [46], By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with . . : . [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. [53][54], In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. . The results showed that 47.3% of Russians declared themselves Christians including 41% Russian Orthodox, 1.5% simply Orthodox or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 4.1% unaffiliated Christians, and less than 1% Old Believers, Catholics or Protestants 25% were believers without affiliation to any specific religion, 13% were atheists, 6.5% were Muslims,[b] 1.2% were followers of "traditional religions honouring gods and ancestors" (Rodnovery, other Paganisms, Siberian shamanism and Tengrism), 0.5% were Buddhists, 0.1% were religious Jews and 0.1% were Hindus. Cyberwarfare and airspace violations, along with electoral interference, have been used to increase perceptions of Russian power. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. Commonly named after their administrative centres.

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