A tradition dating back to the sixteenth century suggests that Alessandro de' Medici, an illegitimate child of the Florentine banking family who in 1532 became duke of Florence, was the son of an Afro-European woman. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business. In reward, Charlemagne is said to have rewarded Averardo with the shield mauled by the giant, with the dents in the shape of balls, and the giant's lands in Mugello. Deceased 5 January 1588 - Blois, France,aged 68 years old. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. Three lines of Medici successively approached or acquired positions of power. Queen. How did Medici family end? Fanciful stories depict the images as pills or cupping glasses, a late-medieval medical instrument used to draw blood. In commemoration of the deaths of Giuliano and Lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned Michelangelo to complete the famous Medici Tombs in Florence. Medici, one of Italy's most celebrated clans. Salvestro more or less willingly stirred up an insurrection of the ciompi, the artisans of the lowest class, against his rivals and, after the rebellions victory, was not above reaping substantial monetary and titular advantages. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, the first patron of the arts in the family, aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence in 1419. On the left side is a view of the city of Florence. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, was the Italian family that ruled Florence, and later Tuscany, during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512, and from 1527 to 1530). So. [56] (see Medici family tree). This led to the transfer of Medici blood, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through Elisabeth of Valois, and the House of Lorraine through Claude of Valois. At the b ottom left, the representation of the river divinity of the Arno can be seen. Rice University.Medici Family: Origins and History. Giovanni . Smithsonian Magazine.The Medici Family. Ancestors. Giulia Romola di Alessandro de' Medici [1] (c. 1535 - c. 1588) was the illegitimate, possibly multiracial, [2] daughter of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence and his mistress Taddea Malaspina . Nephew of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, son of Piero the Unfortunate. [27] In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg[28] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. View Site Catherine d'Medici - King's College Catherine de' Medici was born to the Medici family of Florence in 1519. The greatest accomplishments of the Medici were in the sponsorship of art and architecture, mainly early and High Renaissance art and architecture. The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through marriages of convenience, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the social network: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. It is said that Alessandro had his cousin Ippolito killed shortly before he himself was done away with by another vengeful member of the clan. Medici is the plural of medico, meaning "medical doctor". Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, engineer, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific. [13] The city's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses built by the prospering merchant class.[14]. The latter died before his father, who in death received the title Father of His Country. Piero di Cosimo de Medici maintained and strengthened the political fortunes of the family. Father of, Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of. which his descendants held until 1737. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them. Francis younger brother Ferdinand, who became grand duke in 1587, restored Tuscany to stability and prosperity. [44] Cosimo desperately tried to reach a settlement with the European powers, but Tuscany's legal status was very complicated: the area of the grand duchy formerly comprising the Republic of Siena was technically a Spanish fief, while the territory of the old Republic of Florence was thought to be under imperial suzerainty. WikiTree is a community of genealogists growing an increasingly-accurate collaborative family tree that's 100% free for everyone forever. Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including Margherita de' Medici, Ferdinando II de' Medici, and an Anna de' Medici. An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, and the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany, Gian Gastone de' Medici. Filippo (1577-1582) At this point, the descendants of Cosimo the Elders brother (known as Lorenzo the Elder) came forward to launch a new Medici dynasty. The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the textile trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the Arte della Lana. In Japan, Ottaviano d Medici, the first male successor, was introduced as a descendant of the Medici family on the . Unlike his father, Piero had little interest in the arts. The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici. [39] At that time, the economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places. Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566-1611) Romola (1568) Anna (1569-1584) Isabella (1571-1572) Lucrezia (1572-1574) Maria, Queen of France (1573-1642) married Henry IV of France. After the Medici and until the unification o. Both also served as de facto political rulers of Rome, Florence, and large swaths of Italy known as the Papal States. Cosimo de' Medici, the older brother, established the family's political base. [19] These three members of the Medici family had great skills in the management of so "restive and independent a city" as Florence. The Florentines grieved her,[54] and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo. Catherine de' Medici became the Queen of France, and as History tells us, the family produced no less than four popes. The Medici family were at the time the de facto rulers of Florence: originally bankers, they came to great wealth and power by bankrolling the monarchies of Europe. Answer (1 of 3): The authentic Medici bloodline is long dead: they went extinct in the 1700s, the last man being Giangastone de Medici. Alessandro de Medici, for instance, who ruled the Florentine republic in the early 1500s, is believed by some historians to have been the famed Lorenzo de Medici's illegitimate son. The Medici lacked male heirs, and by 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt. They first came to power in 1613, and over the next three centuries, 18 Romanovs took the Russian throne, including Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander I and Nicholas II. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother's illegitimate son Giulio de' Medici (14781535), the future Pope Clement VII. His memory, however, was still alive in 1393, when the popolo magro (lean people) once more thought it possible to take over the signoria. Ultimately, it reached its zenith in the papacy and continued to flourish for centuries afterward as Dukes of Florence and Tuscany. He died the same month, but his successor, Pope Paul V, was also pro-Medici. Are there descendants of the Medici family? In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. Princes William and Charles and Queen Elizabeth can trace their lineage to Cosimo de' Medici's (played by Richard Madden in Season 1 of 'Medici') younger brother, Lorenzo the Elder. Piero, oldest of the children of Lorenzo the Magnificent, fathered one son, also named Lorenzo (14921519), who in turn had a daughter, Catherine (151989), who became queen of France as wife of Henry II; three of her four sons became kings of France. The origins. Their support was critical, since artists generally began work on their projects only after they had received commissions. Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to Dr. Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for the Medici family. Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the New World with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions. And at the heart of Florence sat the Medici - perhaps the ugliest family in all of Italian history. Cosimo was in Italy, Eleanora in Spain. Corrections? For most of the 13th century, the leading banking centre in Italy was Siena. Where do the rich people live in Florence? Another branch of the family, descended from Salvestros distant cousin Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, would begin the great Medici dynasty. Born 12 Jun 1519 in Firenze. https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/medici-family. Ferdinando, although no longer a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. Lorenzo the Elder and His Heirs. [26] To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of mulberry trees along the major roads (silk worms feed on mulberry leaves). Lorenzo de Medici (1449-1492), also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). The Medici remained in exile until 1512 when the descendants of Cosimo de Medici returned and ruled until 1537. After Ferdinands son Cosimo II (who supported the work of the mathematician, philosopher and astronomer Galileo Galilei) died in 1720, Florence and Tuscany suffered under ineffectual Medici rule. The Medici family were wool merchants and bankers. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, Genealogical tables of the House of Medici, Medici family tree Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany), Philip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg, "Cosimo de Medici e l'amore per le tartarughe con la vela", "Medici Family Encyclopdia Britannica", "Music and the Medici The Medici Archive Project", "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 14001434", "Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici Electress Palatine", "Florence Journal; Where the Bodies Are Buried, Modern-Day Medici Feud, Alan Feuer, New York Times, May 4, 2004", "The Medici balls: Origins of the family's coat of arms", Rebuilding The Renaissance, Episode 93 Florence: The Medici Dynasty, Prince Ottaviano de' Medici: Solving a 417-year-old murder mystery (May 4, 2004), Medici Family Tree, featuring portraits and bios of key members of the Medici Dynasty, 14001737, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Medici&oldid=1134291888, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2022, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, By Medico, Castellan of Potrone, considered the first ancestor of the house, Eldest son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. including all of the Roman Catholic royal families of Europebut they are not patrilineal Medici. The Medici family had up to ten bank branches: in Avignon, Venice, Rome, Naples, Milan, Pisa, Geneva, Lyon, Bruges, and London. In the 15th century the line of Cosimo the Elder set up a hereditary principate in Florence but without legal right or title, hence subject to sudden overthrow; crowns burgeoned, however, on the last branches of their genealogical tree, for two of them were dukes outside Florence, their last heir in a direct line became queen of France (Catherine de Mdicis), and their final offspring, Alessandro, was duke of Florence. [47] On 25 October 1731, a Spanish detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in December of the same year. Omissions? In later years the most significant protg of the Medici family was Michelangelo Buonarroti (14751564), who produced work for a number of family members, beginning with Lorenzo the Magnificent, who was said to be extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to study the family collection of antique sculpture. In 1293, the Ordinances of Justice were enacted; effectively, they became the constitution of the Republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son Francesco, whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, Ferdinando, in 1587. In comparison to the 17th century, the population of Florence declined by 50%, and the population of the grand duchy as a whole declined by an estimated 40%. Lorenzo's son Piero II took over as the head of Florence after Lorenzo's death. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, Anna Maria Luisa's spouse, successfully requisitioned the dignity Royal Highness for the Grand Duke and his family in 1691, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom. The Galileo Project. Needless to conclude, that the world has need of people like the Medicis still. There, by the following century, the Medici were counted among the wealthy notables, although in the second rank, after leading families of the city. All Rights Reserved. They and other families of Italy inspired the Italian Renaissance, such as the Visconti and Sforza in Milan, the Este in Ferrara, the Borgia in Rome, and the Gonzaga in Mantua. The conspiracy involved the Pazzi and Salviati families, both rival banking families seeking to end the influence of the Medici, as well as the priest presiding over the church services, the Archbishop of Pisa, and even Pope Sixtus IV to a degree. Gian Gastone, who came to power in 1723 and led a life of debauchery, died without any heirs. The Medici family ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance. His two sons were Piero (141669) and Giovanni (142463). 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. In 1537 he was assassinated by a companion who was also a relative. His three children, Piero (14721503), Giovanni (14751521)later Leo Xand Giuliano (14791516), played contrasting roles in the citys history. The exile of the Medici lasted until 1512, after which the "senior" branch of the familythose descended from Cosimo the Elderwere able to rule until the assassination of Alessandro de' Medici, first Duke of Florence, in 1537. Henry and Catherine became the ancestors of monarchs of several countries. The Medici family has also been the subject of medico-historical interest, as many of its most prominent figures were known to have suffered from debilitating illnesses throughout their lives. [78] Such favours would have included the wish for a strong and healthy family, both for the supplicant and their descendants. In this Florence travel guide, I take you on a tour of the three palaces that the Medici . His grandson Salvestro took up his policy of alliance with the popolo minuto (common people) and was elected gonfalonier, head of the signoria, the council of government, in 1378. Born in 1360, he essentially founded the Medici dynasty. In general, the later Medici line renounced the older generations republican sympathies and established more authoritarian rule, a change that produced stability in Florence and Tuscany, but led to the regions decline as a cultural hub. The Medici family have claimed to have funded the invention of the piano and opera,[7][verification needed][8][non-tertiary source needed] financed the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica and Santa Maria del Fiore, and were patrons of Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Machiavelli, Galileo and Francesco Redi among many others in the arts and sciences. "Beginning with Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360-1429), he established several branches of the Medici Bank, the most lucrative associated with the papal court. However, the Medici family did afford the scientist a safe haven for many years. "They are doing this without asking permission," said Marchese Giuliano Medici Tornaquinci, an elder of the family clan that now lives in Rome. The Medici villa of Cafaggiolo was the family's Mugello home, located near present day Barberino di Mugello. [48] Following a sprained ankle in 1731, he remained confined to his bed for the rest of his life. A distant cousin of Salvestro was Averardo de Medici (or Bicci), whose progeny became the famous Medici of history. Click to learn more! Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (c. 13601429), son of Averardo de' Medici (13201363), increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. There were two lines of the Medici family, descended from the two sons of Giovanni di Bicci (1360-1429). The last Medici ruler died without a male heir in 1737, ending the family dynasty after almost three centuries. This has been suggested as a reason for the rise of the Medici family.[16]. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. Just supporting arts and culture can attract trade and commerce, tourism and . Legend says the dynasty descended from a giant-slaying knight. [72][73] The number of balls also varied with time, as shown below. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany after territorial expansion. [34] Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected Pope Leo XI. The Medici were originally of Tuscan peasant origin, from the village of Cafaggiolo in the Mugello, the valley of the Sieve, north of Florence. ADVERTISEMENT One of the most notable of them is Prince Ottaviano de Medici. He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the gout that pained his foot and led to his death. This added to their family heritage and affluence, earning them the title of Duke of Florence. [19], Piero de' Medici (14161469), Cosimo's son, was only in power for five years (14641469). In this article we will talk about the Medici, one of the largest, most powerful and richest Italian families ever, who remained in power for about 300 years.They have been popes, sovereigns and patrons, they have promoted art and culture and they have given to their territory such glory and prestige that they can never be replicated again! Maria's daughters became queens of Spain and England. Cosimo de' Medici. Through banking and commerce, the Medicis rose to become one of the most important families in Florence. Like other families ruling in Italian signorie, the Medici dominated their city's government, were able to bring Florence under their family's power, and created an environment in which art and humanism flourished. Giovannis elder son, Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464), rose to political power in 1434 and ruled Florence as an uncrowned monarch for the rest of his life. He groomed the headstrong Piero II to follow as his successor in civil leadership; Giovanni[21] (future Pope Leo X) was placed in the church at an early age; and his daughter Maddalena was provided with a sumptuous dowry to make a politically advantageous marriage to a son of Pope Innocent VIII that cemented the alliance between the Medici and the Roman branches of the Cybo and Altoviti families. By 1722, the electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future. [59] Eleanor of Toledo, a princess of Spain and wife of Cosimo I the Great, purchased the Pitti Palace from Buonaccorso Pitti in 1550. As Cosimo I, he established absolute power in the region, and his descendants would rule as grand dukes into the 1700s. [35] Harold Acton, an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the decline of Tuscany to the Turtici regency. Cosimo the Elder, the first of the Medici to gain notable political status in Florence, married the daughter of a very prestigious Florentine family. Members of the family rose to some prominence in the early 14th century in the wool trade, especially with France and Spain. However, as their wealth grew, there appeared a moral dilemma. The second son, Lorenzo (144992), became in his own time Il Magnifico (The Magnificent). Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous Galileo Galilei, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important figurehead for his patron's quest for power. THE MEDICI FAMILY THE MEDICI FAMILY: the most rich and powerful family of Italy! Image Credit How the Medici Family Continues to Influence the World The Medici family were businesspeople. Inheriting from his forebears a deep respect for arts and letters, he became a poet himself as well as a patron of artists and a skilled statesman. Gently saute the garlic until soft but not brown. . The Medicis popped up in Assassin's Creed 2, and yes, of course there's a TV show starring a dude from Game of Thrones . After only two years in power, he was forced out of the city in 1494, and died in exile. [60] Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV of France and mother of Louis XIII, is the subject of a commissioned cycle of paintings known as the Marie de' Medici cycle, painted for the Luxembourg Palace by court painter Peter Paul Rubens in 162223. [40] At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in Pisa.[41]. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. [57] Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) for seven years. One Salvestro de' Medici was speaker of the woolmakers' guild during the Ciompi revolt of 137882, and one Antonio de' Medici was exiled from Florence in 1396. Brother of Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, third son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Cosimo understood immediately that the only way to protect the fortune they had gathered was to acquire an even larger political influence in Florence. [10] The origin of the name is uncertain. The family's influence grew with its patronage of wealth, art, and culture. The reign of Cosimo I placed the Medici on a level with many . The Medici briefly became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, Leo X and Clement VII. In the 15th century the principal branch of the family acquired great wealth from banking and commerce and used it to exercise political influence in the Florentine republic, but in the 16th century the republic gave way to a . [35], Grand Duke Ferdinado was obsessed with new technology, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Palazzo Pitti. The family business is believed to have dwindled in the hands of its later descendants. They clearly dominated Florentine representative government without abolishing it altogether. What problems did the Medici family face? [49] In January 1737, the Spanish troops withdrew from Tuscany, and were replaced by Austrians. Perhaps God wills that this war, which began in the blood of my brother and of myself, should be ended by any means. Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or) was granted by Louis XI in 1465. Main article: House of Medici Contents 1Root Medici Tree 2Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany) 3Structure of the family tree lines 4The descendants line 4.1Origins 4.2Branch of Salvestro di Averardo 4.3Branch of Cafaggiolo 4.4Branch of Popolano (Trebbio)/Grand Ducal Branch 5Cornerstone figures of the line of succession 6Places 7See also [42] Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,[43] and he sent munitions to the emperor during the Battle of Vienna. With Vieri this branch of the Medici was to disappear definitively from history. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. The Medici headed Europe's largest bank, became Florence's richest family, and controlled Florentine politics. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. The Medici family were patrons of Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. As the story goes, Averardo was riding through an area north of Florence known the Mugello when he read more, Some 100 people, many of them seeking religious freedom in the New World, set sail from England on the Mayflower in September 1620. Giovanni's elder son, Cosimo de. In 1535, Ippolito Cardinal de' Medici died under mysterious circumstances. That shield was red strewn with Byzantine coins (bezants). Giovanni, at that time a cardinal, used his influence with Pope Julius II to bring the family back to positions of power. [46] On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Grand Duke Cosimo disseminated a final proclamation commanding that Tuscany stay independent: Anna Maria Luisa would succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone, and the grand duke reserved the right to choose his successor. Against the opposition of Catherine de' Medici, Paul III and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence's hated rival Siena and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In the first place, not being soldiers, they were constantly confronting their adversaries with bribes of gold rather than with battalions of armed men. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke Francis of Lorraine, she willed all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence. . His sister (Anna Maria Luisa if nemory serves) survived him for a few years, but couldnt't give birth to any heir. Medici women included Catherine (1519-1589) who married Henry II, King of France and ruled the coutry after her husband's death; Maria (1573-1642) married Henry IV, King of France. During the Russian Revolution read more, The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic rebirth following the Middle Ages. The electress donated much of her fortune to charity: 4,000 a month. Contents 1 Background, pedigree and family ties 1.1 Henry II of France 1.2 Catherine de' Medici 2 Children 3 Descendants of Elizabeth of Valois The next few years marked the high point of Medici influence in Europe, as Leo X followed in his fathers humanistic footsteps and devoted himself to artistic patronage. His natural genius crossed so many disciplines that he epitomized the term Renaissance man. Today he remains best known for two of his paintings, "Mona Lisa" and "The Last read more, Michelangelo was a sculptor, painter and architect widely considered to be one of the greatest artists of theRenaissanceand arguably of all time. He served on the Florentine board of war, called the Dieci (The Ten), and held other posts. The couple first lived in Palazzo Bardi before Cosimo, being ambitious, decided to have a mansion of his own. The Medici Bank, from when it was created in 1397 to its fall in 1494, was one of the most prosperous and respected institutions in Europe, and the Medici family was considered the wealthiest in Europe for a time. Her name was the Contessina de' Bardi.

Laminate Countertops Cost Per Linear Foot, Original Spongebob Voice Actor Dead, 39th Infantry Regiment Roster, Jake Hamilton Stayt, Does Heated Steering Wheel Work With Cover, Pontoon Sea Legs Problems, Why Did Ken Norman Abandoned His House,