These institutions are uniquely qualified by tradition and by their special characteristics to carry on basic research. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) The "Endless Frontier Act" would authorize over $100 billion for research into key technology like artificial intelligence, machine learning, supercomputing, semiconductors, robotics, and the like. Among the young men and women qualified to take up scientific work, since 1940 there have been few students over 18, except some in medicine and engineering in Army and Navy programs and a few 4-F's, who have followed an integrated scientific course of studies. One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. - 1. This welcome new edition combines Vannevar Bush's classic text with an urgent essay by Rush Holt on what the model can and cannot do for us in the twenty-first century. "Robert Cook-Deegan, Arizona State University, "With this visionary report, Science: The Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush transformed US research policy and set our nation on a path of economic expansion and world scientific leadership. The procedures currently followed within the Government for recruiting, classifying and compensating such personnel place the Government under a severe handicap in competing with industry and the universities for first-class scientific talent. In making contracts with or grants to such organizations the Foundation should protect the public interest adequately and at the same time leave the cooperating organization with adequate freedom and incentive to conduct scientific research. Clearly, the new agency, including a civilian military research group within it, can remain sufficiently flexible to adapt its operations to whatever may be the final organization of the military departments. 9 reviews In 1945, Dr. Vannevar Bush, then director of the wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development, prepared a report for President Franklin Roosevelt to recommend a national approach towards science and research. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. Here is a tremendous waste of the greatest resource of a nation -- the intelligence of its citizens. VI. Basically there is no reason to believe that scientists of other countries will not in time rediscover everything we now know which is held in secrecy. There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. . We have been directing the energies of our scientists to the development of weapons and materials and methods, on a large number of relatively narrow projects initiated and controlled by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. Yet, uncertainties in the operation of the patent laws have impaired the ability of small industries to translate new ideas into processes and products of value to the nation. However, two decades into the 21. st century, the global environment for leveraging . Download citation. In this country the increase has been accompanied by more abundant food supply, better living, more leisure, longer life, and better health. S.P., 4.5 x 3.25 in. 1 Citations. The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. Continuity and stability of the program and its support may be expected (a) from the growing realization by the Congress of the benefits to the public from scientific research, and (b) from the conviction which will grow among those who conduct research under the auspices of the agency that good quality work will be followed by continuing support. - This Division should be charged with encouraging the publication of scientific knowledge and promoting international exchange of scientific information. There is one other matter which requires special mention. Advances in science when put to practical use mean more jobs, higher wages, shorter hours, more abundant crops, more leisure for recreation, for study, for learning how to live without the deadening drudgery which has been the burden of the common man for ages past. Biddle Law Library The . The Federal Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the creation of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in our youth. The decision that there should be a new and independent agency was reached by each of the committees advising in these matters. One of the most important factors affecting the amount of industrial research is the income-tax law. (2010). "Ernest J. Moniz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former US Secretary of Energy. The Government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information. There should be a focal point within the Government for a concerted program of assisting scientific research conducted outside of Government. The Generation in Uniform Must Not Be Lost. This is our present position despite the fact that in the last three decades notable progress has been made in civilian medicine. b/w, a candid image of Rust addressing an outdoor crowd, boldly signed. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. We believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, but we do not think that it can be completely avoided. Science made that possible, too. We think it much the best plan, in this constitutional Republic, that opportunity be held out to all kinds and conditions of men whereby they can better themselves. "Audra Wolfe, Never Just Science, "I just read the new Princeton University Press edition of Vannevar Bushs Science, The Endless Frontier, with an interesting introductory essay by Rush Holt. The Internal Revenue Code should be amended to remove present uncertainties in regard to the deductibility of research and development expenditures as current charges against net income. His document serves as a prescient reminder as the United States faces the challenges of a new century. The division Members should be appointed for such terms as the Members of the Foundation may determine, and may be reappointed at the discretion of the Members. "Daniel J. Kevles, author of The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character, "During his productive time in Congress and afterward, Rush Holt has been a champion of scientific research and the integration of science into policymaking. Military preparedness requires a permanent independent, civilian-controlled organization, having close liaison with the Army and Navy, but with funds directly from Congress and with the clear power to initiate military research which will supplement and strengthen that carried on directly under the control of the Army and Navy. Recommendations regarding the allocation of research programs among research organizations. Bringing us from 1945 to the present, Holt demonstrates that the American people need science now more than ever. The deficit of science and technology students who, but for the war, would have received bachelor's degrees is about 150,000. New Responsibilities for Government. None of these conditions is favorable to basic research. With the exception of those men engaged in war research, all physically fit students at graduate level have been taken into the armed forces. The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. There must be a stream of new scientific knowledge to turn the wheels of private and public enterprise. July 1945 Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director . But to achieve these objectives -- to secure a high level of employment, to maintain a position of world leadership -- the flow of new scientific knowledge must be both continuous and substantial. Description One of the most important reports in science policy, (commonly known as the Bush report), and intended to be a blueprint for a new era of scienceand of government in sciencefollowing the transformational experience of World War II and its technological culmination in the detonation of two atomic bombs over Japan. Science is fundamentally a unitary thing. 2A Jiangtai Road, Chaoyang District Reprints and Permissions. Again it was painstaking scientific research over many years that made radar possible. Two of those limitations are especially worthy of our attention. Citations (33) References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content . Operating agencies have immediate operating goals and are under constant pressure to produce in a tangible way, for that is the test of their value. Subject to the direction and supervision of the Foundation Members (acting as a board), the director should discharge all the fiscal, legal, and administrative functions of the Foundation. The "spatial turn" in literary studies is transforming the way we think of the field. The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. Responsibility to the people, through the President and Congress, should be placed in the hands of, say nine Members, who should be persons not otherwise connected with the Government and not representative of any special interest, who should be known as National Research Foundation Members, selected by the President on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the purposes of the Foundation. - The function of this Division should be to support research in the physical and natural sciences. Increasing specialization of science will make it more important than ever that scientists in this country keep continually ahead of developments abroad. 4 Citations. The Government would be well advised to invest the money involved in this plan even if the benefits to the nation were thought of solely -- which they are not -- in terms of national preparedness. During the same period expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased from $20,000,000 to $31,000,000, while those in the endowed research institutes declined from $5,200,000 to $4,500,000. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. To devise and promote the use of methods of improving the transition between research and its practical application in industry. The establishment of the new agency, including a civilian military research group, should not be delayed by the existence of the Research Board for National Security, which is a temporary measure. . The Members should elect their own chairman annually. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. There must be more -- and more adequate -- military research during peacetime. Close Dialog Download citation. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. The form is important. At their best they provide the scientific worker with a strong sense of solidarity and security, as well as a substantial degree of personal intellectual freedom. In addition, a detailed study, with recommendations concerning the extent to which modifications should be made in our patent laws is currently being made under the leadership of the Secretary of Commerce. III. In the case of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, arrangements have been made for the preparation of manuscripts, while the staffs under our control are still assembled and in possession of the records, as soon as the pressure for production of results for this war has begun to relax. 4. Offer good on select hardcover titles only. Finally, the normal vouchering requirements of the General Accounting Office with respect to detailed itemization or substantiation of vouchers submitted under cost contracts should be relaxed for research contractors. A new agency should be established, therefore, by the Congress for the purpose. Several hundred articles have appeared in the professional journals; many are in process of publication. Princeton Asia (Beijing) Consulting Co., Ltd. International Exchange of Scientific Information. The rewards of such exploration both for the Nation and the individual are great. The growth of research departments in medical schools ahs been very uneven, however, and in consequence most of the important work has been done in a few large schools. To formulate over-all policies of the Foundation. A large fraction of these deaths in our civilian population cut short the useful lives of our citizens. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to sciences very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. CHAPTER 4. Such impetus can come promptly only from the Government. It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. The National Research Foundation must, therefore, be free to place its research contracts or grants not only with those institutions which have a demonstrated research capacity but also with other institutions whose latent talent or creative atmosphere affords promise of research success. Almost all Government scientific work has ultimate practical objectives but, in many fields of broad national concern, it commonly involves long-term investigation of a fundamental nature. It provides scientific capital. International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. The committee advising me on scientific personnel has stated the following principle which should guide our planning: "If we were all-knowing and all-wise we might, but we think probably not, write you a plan whereby there might be selected for training, which they otherwise would not get, those who, 20 years hence, would be scientific leaders, and we might not bother about any lesser manifestations of scientific ability. They will be of aid in furnishing detailed suggestions. This is of the utmost importance. THE WAR AGAINST DISEASE Much of the impetus for a paradigm shift in U.S. research policy and funding comes from the PRC's efforts to boost its companies and research capacity. We can no longer count on ravaged Europe as a source of fundamental knowledge. Hence Government, like industry, is dependent on the colleges, universities, and research institutes to expand the basic scientific frontiers and to furnish trained scientific investigators. ScienceThe Endless Frontier, and the Next 75 Years in Science With Robbert Dijkgraaf 2020 marked the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report "ScienceThe Endless Frontier," which created a blueprint for U.S. scientific research in the post-World War II era. Figure 4 shows that all included studies presented low risk of bias to 'baseline characteristics,' but no study presented low risk of bias to 'allocation concealment,' 'random housing,' 'blinding for intervention,' or 'random outcome assessment.' Only one study presented low risk of bias to 'sequence generation.' The time has come when such support should be extended to other fields. SUMMER 2020 35. public values. During the nineteenth century the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Naval Observatory, the Department of Agriculture, and the Geological Survey were established. The death rate for all diseases in the Army, including the overseas forces, has been reduced from 14.1 per thousand in the last war to 0.6 per thousand in this war. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. The excellent reports of the committees which studied these matters are attached as appendices. Download PDF Download All Download JPEG 2000 Download Text. Notwithstanding great progress in prolonging the span of life and relief of suffering, much illness remains for which adequate means of prevention and cure are not yet known. In planning the release of scientific data and experience collected in connection with the war, we must not overlook the fact that research has gone forward under many auspices -- the Army, the Navy, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, other departments and agencies of the Government, educational institutions, and many industrial organizations. New manufacturing industries can be started and many older industries greatly strengthened and expanded if we continue to study nature's laws and apply new knowledge to practical purposes. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. Government initiative and support for the development of newly discovered therapeutic materials and methods can reduce the time required to bring the benefits to the public. We will update our FAQ page when it becomes available. Holts bold, incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns. Cardiovascular disease, including chronic disease of the kidneys, arteriosclerosis, and cerebral hemorrhage, now account for 45 percent of the deaths in the United States. Nature of the Problem. Early action is imperative, however, if this nation is to meet the challenge of science and fully utilize the potentialities of science. While there will always be the rare individual who will rise to the top without benefit of formal education and training, he is the exception and even he might make a more notable contribution if he had the benefit of the best education we have to offer. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. Formulation of programs and policy within the scope of the particular Divisions. "US Congresswoman Anna Eshoo, "Vannevar Bushs influential text, Science, the Endless Frontier, laid out a roadmap for a whole new relationship between science, technology, and the federal government. March 30, 2021. 2. This should be corrected by building up the weaker institutions, especially in regions which now have no strong medical research activities. Another aspect of the changing emphasis is the increase of mental diseases. Plans for release of such information should be coordinated with our allies to minimize danger of international friction which would result from sporadic uncontrolled release. The 1945 document, officially attributed to engineer Vannevar (rhymes with Beaver) Bush, urged President Harry Truman to convert the momentum of the World War II-era Office of Scientific Research and . "Naomi Oreskes, author of Why Trust Science? Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. Don't Bite the Sun by Tanith Lee (1977) The unnamed narrator and the other human inhabitants of the desert world's three cities are free to enjoy virtually every creature comfort they can . Holts introduction takes seriously the idea that the United States is a democracy, and that scientists have a specific role to play in that democracy, which is not the same thing as saying that scientists should control science policy. Generally speaking, the scientific agencies of Government are not so concerned with immediate practical objectives as are the laboratories of industry nor, on the other hand, are they as free to explore any natural phenomena without regard to possible economic applications as are the educational and private research institutions. The development of the. V. Patent Policy. Steps should be taken to reduce that handicap. Where will these new products come from? 3. During the past 25 years there has been a great increase in industrial research involving the application of scientific knowledge to a multitude of practical purposes - thus providing new products, new industries, new investment opportunities, and millions of jobs. The Members of the Foundation should have the following functions, powers, and duties: And with the advice of the National Research Foundation Divisions concerned -, 2. Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President V. Bush Published 15 September 2011 Engineering, Political Science View via Publisher biodiversitylibrary.org Save to Library Create Alert Cite 1,016 Citations Citation Type More Filters Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the good, the bad, and the challenging T. Baycan, R. Stough The Foundation here proposed has been described only in outline. The Government can accomplish significant results in several ways: by aiding in the arrangement of international science congresses, in the official accrediting of American scientists to such gatherings, in the official reception of foreign scientists of standing in this country, in making possible a rapid flow of technical information, including translation service, and possibly in the provision of international fellowships. The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. Today, we see the devastating results of our failure to advocate effectively for public and political understanding and support of Americas scientific enterprise. The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. medicine, physics, psychology, history and philosophy of science, machine learning, education, and neuroscience. This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. Save. RENEWAL OF OUR SCIENTIFIC TALENT Has PDF. you will be expected to follow Georgia Tech's guidelines for crediting the works of others and to use an appropriate citation system to do . . To initiate and finance in appropriate organizations research projects for which existing facilities are unavailable or inadequate. It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. Added to these are many maladies (for example, the common cold, arthritis, asthma and hay fever, peptic ulcer) which, through infrequently fatal, cause incalculable disability. (3) The agency should promote research through contracts or grants to organizations outside the Federal Government. To make contracts or grants for the conduct of research by negotiation without advertising for bids. Science and the great practical genius of this nation made this achievement possible. "Audra J. Wolfe, author of Freedom's Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul Of Science, "Science, the Endless Frontier is a consequential statement of principles that has been repeatedly invoked as a kind of biblical text in the political wars over federal policy for scientific research and training. . Anything short of this means serious waste of higher education and neglect of human resources. Relation to National Security. It has been suggested that the benefits might be better utilized if "research clinics" for such enterprises were to be established. - The success of the National Research Foundation in promoting scientific research in this country will depend to a very large degree upon the cooperation of organizations outside the Government. The symposium marked the 75th anniversary of the landmark report Science, the Endless Frontier, which was released in the final weeks of another global crisisWorld War II. - The function of this Division should be to support medical research. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. This is the American way: a man works for what he gets.". SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC WELFARE Science Is a Proper Concern of Government. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. Read full-text. The influence of Science The Endless Frontier stems largely from its timing, coming at the tail end of a war in which science-based technology had been crucial. Oxford OX2 6JX In 1939 millions of people were employed in industries which did not even exist at the close of the last war -- radio, air conditioning, rayon and other synthetic fibers, and plastics are examples of the products of these industries. The Secretaries of War and Navy recently stated in a joint letter to the National Academy of Sciences: This war emphasizes three facts of supreme importance to national security: (1) Powerful new tactics of defense and offense are developed around new weapons created by scientific and engineering research; (2) the competitive time element in developing those weapons and tactics may be decisive; (3) war is increasingly total war, in which the armed services must be supplemented by active participation of every element of civilian population. In this war it has become clear beyond all doubt that scientific research is absolutely essential to national security. More and better scientific research is essential to the achievement of our goal of full employment. To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. Advances in science will also bring higher standards of living, will lead to the prevention or cure of diseases, will promote conservation of our limited national resources, and will assure means of defense against aggression. Legislation on this point should leave to the Members of the Foundation discretion as to its patent policy in order that patent arrangements may be adjusted as circumstances and the public interest require. . Only through such responsibility can we maintain the proper relationship between science and other aspects of a democratic system. We should also get it to the men studying overseas so that they will know what has happened in their absence. Reflecting on the reports legacy and relevance along with its limitations, Holt contends that the publics ability to cope with todays issuessuch as public health, the changing climate and environment, and challenging technologies in modern societyrequires a more capacious understanding of what science can contribute.

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